Table 5.
Crude and adjusted odds ratios for associations between risk factors and co-infection of Helicobacter pylori with any protozoa.
| Variable | Co-infected (%) | Not co-infected (%) | COR (95% CI) | P-value | AOR (95% CI) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | ||||||
| <5 | 8 (28.6%) | 20 (71.4%) | 1 | – | ||
| 5 to 9 | 37 (19.1%) | 157 (80.9%) | 0.589 (0.241–1.442) | 0.247 | – | |
| 10 to 14 | 30 (17.1%) | 145 (82.9%) | 0.517 (0.208–1.284) | 0.155 | – | |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 39 (19.2%) | 164 (80.8%) | 1.064 (0.643–1.758) | 0.81 | – | |
| Female | 36 (18.3%) | 161 (81.7%) | 1 | – | ||
| Residence | ||||||
| Rural | 3 (27.3%) | 8 (72.7%) | 1.651 (0.427–6.377) | 0.467 | – | |
| Urban | 72 (18.5%) | 317 (81.5%) | 1 | – | ||
| Maternal education | ||||||
| Non-formal | 42 (25%) | 126 (75%) | 2.010 (1.210–3.339) | 0.007 | 2.047 (1.210–3.463) | 0.008 |
| Formal | 33 (14.2%) | 199 (85.8%) | 1 | 1 | ||
| History of child vaccination | ||||||
| Yes | 72 (18.4%) | 320 (81.6%) | 1 | – | ||
| No | 3 (37.5%) | 5 (62.5%) | 2.667 (0.623–11.414) | 0.186 | – | |
| Breastfeeding mother | ||||||
| Yes | 23 (17.7%) | 107 (82.3%) | 1 | – | ||
| No | 44 (19.6%) | 180 (80.4%) | 1.137 (0.651–1.987) | 0.652 | – | |
| Child dewormeda | ||||||
| Yes | 52 (18.1%) | 236 (81.9%) | 1 | 1 | ||
| No | 23 (20.5%) | 89 (79.5%) | 1.173 (0.678–2.029) | 0.569 | 1.240 (0.689–2.233) | 0.472 |
| Wall material | ||||||
| Wood and mud | 41 (20.3%) | 161 (79.7%) | 1 | – | ||
| Brocket | 31 (18.7%) | 135 (81.3%) | 0.902 (0.536–1.516) | 0.696 | – | |
| Othersb | 3 (10%) | 27 (90%) | 0.436 (0.126–1.509) | 0.19 | – | |
| Cooking location | ||||||
| Inside house | 55 (18%) | 251 (82%) | 0.800 (0.450–1.420) | 0.446 | – | |
| Outside house | 20 (21.5%) | 73 (78.5%) | 1 | – | ||
| Water source | ||||||
| Piped | 74 (19.1%) | 314 (80.9%) | 1 | – | ||
| Otherc | 1 (8.3%) | 11 (91.7%) | 0.386 (0.049–3.035) | 0.365 | – | |
| Toilet type | ||||||
| Flush and ventilated pit | 1 (5.6%) | 17 (94.4%) | 0.247 (0.032–1.883) | 0.177 | 0.198 (0.025–1.551) | 0.123 |
| Traditional pit or none | 73 (19.3%) | 306 (80.7%) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Waste disposal | ||||||
| Pit | 13 (19.4%) | 54 (80.6%) | 1 | – | ||
| Burning | 44 (19.8%) | 178 (80.2%) | 1.027 (0.515–2.046) | 0.94 | – | |
| Garbage bin | 16 (16.3%) | 82 (83.7%) | 0.811 (0.361–1.819) | 0.611 | – | |
| Other | 2 (16.7%) | 10 (83.3%) | 0.831 (0.162–4.259) | 0.824 | – | |
| Number of people in home | ||||||
| 2 to 4 | 32 (19.2%) | 135 (80.8%) | 1.016 (0.410–2.520) | 0.973 | – | |
| 5 to 7 | 36 (18.6%) | 158 (81.4%) | 0.976 (0.397–2.399) | 0.959 | – | |
| >7 | 7 (18.9%) | 30 (81.1%) | 1 | – | ||
| Number of older siblings (alive) | ||||||
| 0 | 31 (20.3%) | 122 (79.7%) | 1.440 (0.397–5.226) | 0.579 | – | |
| 1 to 4 | 41 (18.1%) | 185 (79.7%) | 1.256 (0.352–4.486) | 0.726 | – | |
| >5 | 3 (15%) | 17 (85.0%) | 1 | – | ||
| Maternal occupation | ||||||
| Housewife | 39 (21.4%) | 143 (78.6%) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Othersd | 36 (16.5%) | 182 (83.5%) | 0.725 (0.439–1.2) | 0.211 | 1.210 (0.719–2.035) | 0.473 |
| Cat or dog | ||||||
| Yes | 31 (17.4%) | 147 (82.6%) | 0.853 (0.513–1.419) | 0.541 | 0.828 (0.488–1.404) | 0.484 |
| No | 44 (19.8%) | 178 (80.2%) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Farm animalse | ||||||
| Yes | 24 (17.6%) | 112 (82.4%) | 0.895 (0.523–1.530) | 0.685 | – | |
| No | 51 (19.3%) | 213 (80.7%) | 1 | – | ||
| Electricity Usef | ||||||
| Yes | 73 (19.3%) | 305 (80.7%) | 1 | 1 | ||
| No | 2 (9.5%) | 19 (90.5%) | 0.440 (0.100–1.931) | 0.276 | 0.309 (0.066–1.434) | 0.134 |
| Housing socioeconomic conditionsg | ||||||
| Lower | 58 (19.9% | 233 (80.1%) | 0.742 (0.411–1.342) | 0.324 | – | |
| Higher | 17 (15.6%) | 92 (84.4%) | 1 | – | ||
| Child sleeping materialsh | ||||||
| Sponge | 55 (18.3%) | 246 (81.7%) | 1 | – | ||
| Others | 20 (20.2%) | 79 (79.8%) | 1.132 (0.640–2.004) | 0.67 | – |
Defined as receiving single dose of 500 mg of mebendazole within past 6 months.
Other materials include cement, stone, bricks, corrugated iron.
Other sources of water defined as well, spring, river, pond, dam.
Other jobs include government work or those falling outside of these categories.
Defined as ownership of a sheep, goat, pig, hen, cow, ox, horse, mule, or donkey.
Combined electricity use for cooking and non-cooking; Yes defined as sometimes or everyday.
Defined by roof type (thatched or corrugated iron), floor type (cement, mud, other), and if the child slept on a bed. Lower conditions indicate combinations of no bed and/or lower housing conditions (mud floor and thatched roof). Higher conditions defined by child having a bed with cement floor and corrugated iron roof.
Defined by whether children slept on pillows and mattresses made of sponge or other materials (grass, cloth, natural fibers, or no pillow/mattress.