FIG 2.

AtpA is critical for attenuating leukocyte cytokine production in response to S. aureus biofilm. S. aureus 4-day-old biofilms were cocultured with 5 × 10⁴ mouse bone marrow-derived MDSCs or macrophages (A) or human monocyte-derived macrophages (B) for 2 h, whereupon cytokine production was quantified using a mouse or human cytometric bead array inflammation kit. Results represent the mean combined from 4 independent experiments (n = 7 to 21 biological replicates) (A) and mean of 1 experiment (n = 3 biological replicates) (B) repeated with monocytes from 3 different donors. Significant differences are denoted by asterisks (***, P < 0.001, and ****, P < 0.0001; one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple-comparison test).