Table 1.

Childhood Obesity Evidence Base Project Study, Sample, and Design Characteristics of the 51 Studies Included in the Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Study citation	Study name; start of data collection	Design	Child sample	Setting and recruitment	Child-level outcomes
Alkon77	Child Care Wellness Study on Nutrition and Physical Activity (NCT01921842); 2009	Cluster RCT	N = 552 (61%); 46% F; mean age = 47 months; 46% Whitea; 38% overweight/obese; low SES	Child care centers in CA, CT, and NC; 18 child care centers (9 interventions, 9 controls).	BMI z-score; % overweight; % obese
Linked78,79
Annesi80	Start for Life; 2011	Cluster RCT	N = 1154 (100%); 51% F; mean age = 53 months; 86% Black; 30% overweight/obese; low SES	Preschools in Atlanta, GA; 98 YMCA-affiliated preschool (60 interventions, 38 controls) classrooms.	BMI (kg/m2)
Linked81–83
Barkin84	Salud Con La Familia/Health with the Family (NCT00808431); 2008	RCT	N = 106 (75%); 51% F; mean age = 50 months; 100% Latinx; 42% overweight/obese	Community recreation centers in Nashville, TN; parent–child dyads recruited directly from clinic and community sites and indirectly via advertisements.	BMI (kg/m2); % obese
Linked85,86
Barkin87	Growing Right onto Wellness (NCT01316653); 2012	RCT	N = 610 (92%); 52% F; mean age = 52 months; 91% Latinx; 35% overweight/obese; low SES	Community recreation centers in Nashville, TN; parent–child dyads recruited directly from clinic and community sites and indirectly via advertisements.	BMI (kg/m2); % obese
Linked88–97
Bellows98	Food Friends Get Movin’ with Mighty Moves; 2006	Cluster RCT	N = 274 (73%); 45% F; mean age = 52 months; 57% Latinx; 37% overweight/obese; low SES	Preschools in CO; 8 HS centers (18 interventions, 13 control classrooms).	BMI (kg/m2); BMI z-score
Linked99–103
Bonis104	Nutrition and Physical Activity Self-Assessment for Child Care Program; 2012	Cluster RCT	N = 251 (83%); 50% F; mean age = 46 months	Child care centers in New Orleans, LA; 26 child care centers (13 interventions, 13 controls).	BMI (kg/m2); weight (kg)
Linked78,105
Butte106	Texas Childhood Obesity Research Demonstration-Coordinated Approach to Child Health Early Childhood (NCT02724943); 2012	RCT	N = 160 (64%); 48% F; mean age = 52 months; 88% Latinx; 100% overweight/obese; low SES	Multiple sites (primary care clinics, YMCAs) in Austin and Houston, TX; 12 primary care clinics serving low-income catchment areas.	BMI (kg/m2); weight (kg)
Linked107–111
Cloutier55	Steps to Growing Up Healthy (NCT01973153); 2009	Non-RCT	N = 467 (90%); 45% F; mean age = 35 months; 82% Latinx; 42% overweight/obese; low SES	Primary care clinics in Hartford, CT; patients at a primary care clinic of a large urban medical center.	BMI percentile
Linked112–114
Davis115	Child Health Initiative for Lifelong Eating and Exercise (NCT00428805); 2008	Cluster RCT	N = 436 (66%); 47% F; mean age = 36 months; 59% White; 31% overweight/obese; low SES	Multiple sites (preschools, community, primary care clinics) in NM; 16 HS centers (8 interventions, 8 controls).	BMI z-score; % overweight; % obese
Linked116–123
Dennison124	Brocodile the Crocodile; 2000	Cluster RCT	N = 222 (35%); 51% F; mean age = 47 months; 96% White	Multiple sites (preschools, child care centers) in rural upstate NY; 16 preschool or day care centers (8 intervention, 8 controls).	BMI (kg/m2); BMI z-score; weight (kg)
Linked125,126
Esquivel127	Children's Healthy Living Program (NCT01881373); 2013	Cluster RCT	N = 349 (70%); 46% F; mean age = 44 months; 62% Multiracial; 25% overweight/obese; low SES	Preschools in Oahu, HI; 18 HS centers (11 interventions, 12 control classrooms) in communities participating in the Children's Healthy Living Program.	BMI z-score; % overweight; % obese
Linked128–131
Fisher132	Food, Fun, and Families (NCT03646201); 2013	RCT	N = 119 (88%); 55% F; mean age = 44 months; 91% Blacka; 30% overweight/obese; low SES	University research center in Philadelphia, PA; participants recruited directly from WIC offices and indirectly from advertisements posted at community venues.	BMI (kg/m2); BMI z-score; BMI percentile
Linked133
Fitzgibbon134	Hip-Hop to Health Jr.; 1999	Cluster RCT	N = 409 (73%); 50% F; mean age = 50 months; 90% Black; low SES	Preschools in Chicago, IL; 12 HS centers (6 interventions, 6 controls) administered through the Archdiocese of Chicago.	BMI (kg/m2); BMI z-score; weight (kg)
Linked47,135,136
Fitzgibbon137	Hip-Hop to Health Jr.—Latino Preschools; 2001	Cluster RCT	N = 401 (86%); 49% F; mean age = 51 months; 81% Latinx; 72% overweight/obese; low SES	Preschools in Chicago, IL; 12 HS centers (6 interventions, 6 controls) administered through the Archdiocese of Chicago.	BMI (kg/m2); BMI z-score; weight (kg)
Linked47,135
Fitzgibbon138	Hip-Hop to Health Jr. Obesity Prevention Effectiveness Trial (NCT00241878); 2007	Cluster RCT	N = 618 (89%); 53% F; mean age = 51 months; 94% Black; 33% overweight/obese; low SES	Preschools in Chicago, IL; 18 HS centers (9 interventions, 9 controls) administered through the Chicago Public Schools.	BMI (kg/m2); BMI z-score; weight (kg)
Linked139–143
Fitzgibbon144	Family-Based Hip-Hop to Health; 2010	Cluster RCT	N = 147 (87%); 50% F; mean age = 54 months; 94% Latinx; 46% overweight/obese; low SES	Preschools in Chicago, IL; 4 HS centers (2 interventions, 2 controls) in the Chicago Public School System.	BMI (kg/m2); BMI z-score; weight (kg)
Foster145	Parent Mentors Using Positive Deviance in Childhood Obesity (NCT02373670); 2015	RCT	N = 59 (81%); 42% F; mean age = 52 months; 100% Latinx; 100% overweight/obese; low SES	Multiple sites (homes, preschools) in Cameron County, TX; parent–child dyads recruited from 16 HS centers providing the Neighbors in Need of Services program.	BMI (kg/m2); BMI z-score; weight (kg)
Linked146–149
French150	Now Everybody Together for Amazing and Healthful Kids (NCT01606891); 2012	RCT	N = 534 (92%); 51% F; mean age = 41 months; 58% Latinx; 48% overweight/obese; low SES	Multiple sites (community, home, primary care clinics) in Minneapolis-St. Paul, NM; parent-child dyads recruited from 12 primary care clinics.	BMI (kg/m2); BMI z-score; BMI percentile; % obese; weight (kg)
Linked90–92,151,152
Goldberg56	I am moving. I am Learning; 2008	Non-RCT, Clustered	N = 354 (100%); 52% F; 3–5 years of age; 57% Latinx; 42% overweight/obese; low SES	Preschools in two counties in VA; 2 HS centers (16 interventions, 6 control classrooms).	BMI percentile; % overweight
Linked153
Haines154	Healthy Habits, Happy Homes (NCT01565161); 2011	RCT	N = 121 (92%); 48% F; mean age = 49 months; 51% Latinx; 46% overweight/obese; low SES	Homes; 4 community health centers that serve primarily low-income and racial/ethnic minority families in the greater Boston, MA area.	BMI (kg/m2); BMI z-score
Linked155–157
Haines158	Parents and Tots Together (NCT02222766); 2012	RCT	N = 112 (86%); 50% F; mean age = 43 months; 59% Latinxa; low SES	Community health centers in MA and RI; community health centers and agencies that primarily serve low-income families.	BMI (kg/m2); BMI z-score
Linked159,160
Hawkins161	Developing Relationships that Include Values of Eating and Exercise (NCT02160847); 2014	RCT	N = 16 (100%); 50% F; mean age = 49 months; 50% White	Homes; community organizations in Atlanta, GA and Baton Rouge, LA.	BMI percentile; BMI z-score; weight (kg)
Linked162,163
Hollar164	Thriving Communities, Thriving Children; 2013	Cluster RCT	N = 681 (100%); 49% F; 2–5 years of age; 92% Black; 20% overweight/obese; low SES	Preschools in MS and LA; 12 HS centers (6 interventions, 6 controls).	% Overweight
Jastreboff165	Parenting Mindfully for Health (NCT01974102); 2014	RCT	N = 42 (90%); 57% F; mean age = 44 months; 67% Multiracial; low SES	University research center in New Haven, CT; local community.	BMI percentile
Linked166
Ling57	FirstStep2Health; 2016	Non-RCT, clustered	N = 73 (95%); 64% F; mean age = 54 months; 42% Black; 46% overweight/obese; low SES	Multiple sites (preschools, homes, YMCA) in MI; 2 HS centers (6 interventions, 6 control classrooms).	BMI z-score
Lumeng48	The Growing Healthy Study (NCT01398358); 2011	Cluster RCT	N = 697 (99%); 51% F; mean age = 49 months; 48% White; 34% overweight/obese; low SES	Preschools in urban and rural MI; 2 HS centers (4 interventions, 2 control classrooms).	% Obese; % overweight/obese
Linked167–170
Messiah171	Healthy Caregivers-Healthy Children Phase II (NCT02697565); 2015	Cluster RCT	N = 1101 (52%); 2–5 years of age; low SES	Child care centers in Miami Dade County, FL; 24 child care centers (12 interventions, 12 controls).	% Overweight/obese
Linked172–176
Morshed177	Heathy Eating and Active Living at Home (NCT01567033); 2012	RCT	N = 230 (78%); 45% F; mean age = 41 months; 57% White; 45% overweight/obese; low SES	Homes in St. Louis, MO; 8 Parents as Teachers child development home visiting program regions.	BMI percentile; BMI z-score
Linked178–180
Natale181	Healthy Inside-Healthy Outside; 2007	Cluster RCT	N = 307 (60%); 49% F; mean age = 46 months; 62% Latinx; 30% overweight/obese; low SES	Child care centers in Miami Dade County, FL; 8 subsidized child care centers (6 interventions, 2 controls).	BMI z-score
Linked172,182–184
Natale185	Healthy Caregivers-Healthy Children (NCT01722032); 2010	Cluster RCT	N = 1211 (100%); 50% F; mean age = 47 months; 56% Latinx; 35% overweight/obese; low SES	Child care centers in Miami Dade County, FL; 28 child care centers (12 interventions, 16 controls) primarily serving low-income children.	BMI percentile
Linked94,172,186–195
Nezami196	SMART MOMS (NCT02098902); 2014	RCT	N = 51 (82%); 53% F; mean age = 54 months; 74% Whitea; 24% overweight/obese	Homes in NC; mother–child dyads recruited from child care centers, pediatrician offices, WIC clinics, listservs, flyers, and social media.	BMI z-score
Linked197,198
Nicklas199	The Children in Action Feasibility Study (NCT01697124); 2007	Cluster RCT	N = 295 (100%); 46% F; mean age = 52 months; 100% Latinx; 38% overweight/obese; low SES	Child care centers in TX; 4 HS centers (10 interventions, 10 control classrooms).	BMI z-score
Linked200
Ostbye201	Kids and Adults Now-Defeat Obesity! (NCT00563264); 2007	RCT	N = 400 (77%); 44% F; mean age = 37 months; 75% Whitea; 24% overweight/obese; low SES	Multiple sites (homes; university research center) in the Triangle and Triad regions of NC; women identified from state birth certificate records in 14 counties.	BMI z-score
Linked202–205
Quattrin206	Treating Pre-School Children at Risk for Overweight in the Primary Care Setting (NCT01029834); 2012	Cluster RCT	N = 96 (83%); 67% F; mean age = 54 months; 73% White	Primary care clinics in Buffalo and Williamsville, NY; 4 large pediatric practices.	BMI z-score; weight (kg)
Linked207,208
Romero49	Development of a Nutrition Education Curriculum; 2002	Cluster RCT	N = 269 (43%); 2–5 years of age; 100% overweight/obese; low SES	Community sites in UT; 3 WIC clinics in the same WIC district (2 interventions, 1 control).	BMI percentile
Sharma58	TX-CORD-Coordinated Approach to Child Health Early Childhood; 2012	Non-RCT	N = 672; 47% F; mean age = 51 months; 73% Latinx; 35% overweight/obese; low SES	Preschools in Houston and Austin, TX; 25 HS centers (12 interventions, 13 controls).	BMI percentile; BMI z-score
Linked209
Sherwood210	Healthy Homes, Healthy Kids—Preschool (NCT01080885); 2010	RCT	N = 60 (82%); 45% F; mean age = 33 months; 80% White	Multiple sites (primary care clinics, homes) in the greater Minneapolis-St. Paul area, NM; parent–child dyads recruited from 20 pediatric clinics.	BMI percentile; BMI z-score
Linked211
Slusser59	Parent Training; 2006	RCT	N = 160 (51%); 56% F; 2–4 years of age; 100% Latinx; 47% overweight/obese; low SES	Multiple sites (preschools, community, and primary care clinics) in the greater Los Angeles, CA area.	BMI percentile; BMI z-score
Linked212
Stark213	LAUNCH; 2008	RCT	N = 18 (89%); 33% F; mean age = 57 months; 84% White; 100% overweight/obese	Multiple sites (primary care clinic, home) in Cincinnati, OH; preschool children recruited from a large Midwestern pediatric practice.	BMI percentile; BMI z-score; weight (kg)
Linked214
Stark50	LAUNCH with Home Visit; 2009	RCT	N = 42 (67%); 55% F; mean age = 55 months; 86% White; 100% overweight/obese	Multiple sites (primary care clinic, home) in Cincinnati, OH; preschool children recruited from a large Midwestern pediatric practice.	BMI percentile; BMI z-score; weight (kg)
Linked215
Stark51	Behavioral Treatment for Obese Preschoolers: LAUNCH (NCT01546727); 2012	RCT	N = 167 (77%); 57% F; mean age = 55 months; 76% White; 100% overweight/obese	Multiple sites (primary care clinics, home) in Greater Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky; preschool children recruited from 27 pediatric practices.	BMI percentile; BMI z-score; weight (kg)
Linked216–220
Stookey221	Healthy Apple Program (NCT02799433); 2011	Cluster RCT	N = 902 (88%); 50% F; mean age = 42 months; low SES	Child care centers in San Francisco, CA; 43 child care centers (19 interventions, 24 controls) that participated the CCHP nutrition screenings in 2011–2012.	BMI z-score; BMI percentile; % overweight/obese
Linked222
Sun223	2015	RCT	N = 32 (91%); 47% F; mean age = 52 months; 100% Asiana; low SES	Homes in the San Francisco Bay Area, CA; 4 HS programs.	BMI (kg/m2)
Taveras224	The High Five for Kids Study (NCT00377767); 2006	Cluster RCT	N = 475 (94%); 48% F; mean age = 59 months; 57% White; 100% overweight/obese	Primary care clinics in MA; 10 primary care pediatric offices (5 interventions, 5 controls).	BMI (kg/m2); BMI z-score
Linked182,225–233
Tomayko234	Health Children, Strong Families; 2007	RCT	N = 150 (65%); 47% F; mean age = 48 months; 92% American Indian; 48% overweight/obese; low SES	Homes; HS sites serving four American Indian tribes in rural WI—the Bad River band of Lake Superior Chippewa, Lac du Flambeau band of Lake Superior Chippewa, the Menominee Nation, and the Oneida Tribe of Indians of Wisconsin.	BMI (kg/m2); BMI percentile; BMI z-score
Linked235–240
Tomayko241	Healthy Children, Strong Families: American Indian Communities Preventing Obesity (NCT01776255); 2013	RCT	N = 450 (84%); 50% F; mean age = 45 months; 87% American Indian; 40% overweight/obese; low SES	Homes; 5 tribal-based child care or HS programs in 4 rural tribal reservations.	BMI z-score
Linked242–247
Tucker248	Evaluation of a Primary Care Weight Management Program in Children Aged 2 to 5 Years (NCT03487614); 2014	Cluster RCT	N = 165 (77%); 56% F; mean age = 43 months; 90% White; 95% overweight/obese	Primary care clinics; 4 pediatric offices (2 intervention, 2 controls) from We Are for children in western MI.	BMI (kg/m2); BMI z-score
Linked249
Winter250	Healthy & Ready to Learn; 2008	Cluster RCT	N = 405 (100%); 48% F; mean age = 51 months; 95% Latinx; 29% overweight/obese; low SES	Preschools in San Antonio, TX; 4 HS centers (2 interventions, 2 controls) administered by one agency in a high-poverty, low-income neighborhood.	BMI (kg/m2); weight (kg)
Woo Baidal52	Massachusetts Childhood Obesity Research Demonstration Initiative (NCT02110615); 2010	Non-RCT	N = 11,876 (12%); 49% F; mean age = 28 months; 48% White; 25% overweight/obese; low SES	Community sites in MA; local WIC programs in 3 communities (2 interventions, 1 control).	BMI z-score
Linked251–258
Yeh53	Healthy Kids Healthy Lives; 2011	Cluster RCT	N = 203 (81%); 44% F; 3–5 years of age; 95% Black; 41% overweight/obese; low SES	Preschools in Detroit, MI; 6 United Children and Family HS programs (4 interventions, 2 controls).	BMI percentile; % overweight; % obese
Linked259
Yin54	Míranos! Look at Us, We are Healthy!; 2011	Non-RCT	N = 384 (88%); 52% F; mean age = 49 months; 90% Latinx; 37% overweight/obese; low SES	Multiple sites (preschools, homes) in in San Antonio, TX; 4 HS centers (19 interventions, 6 control classrooms).	BMI z-score; weight (kg)
Linked260,261

^aRace/ethnicity of the parent was available and used in six studies where race/ethnicity was not reported for the child.

CCHP, Child Care Health Program; F, female; HS, Head Start; Latinx, Latino or Latina; LAUNCH, Learning about Activity and Understanding Nutrition for Child Health; Low SES, low socioeconomic status [low SES of the sample was determined by using any information provided in the studies including income level at or below the poverty line and eligibility for any of the following programs: Supplemental Nutritional Assistance Program (SNAP), Woman, Infants, and Children (WIC), free/reduced lunch, and HS]; N (%), number of children who participated in the study (retention); RCT, randomized controlled trial.