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. 2020 Aug 26;287(1933):20201184. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2020.1184

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© 2020 The Authors.

Published by the Royal Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited.

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Figure 3. — Loss of host Imd pathway gene expression post-inoculation with both live and heat-killed S. alvi. Bee gene expression relative to the housekeeping gene RPS18 measured using qPCR from cDNA derived from bee whole abdomens 5 days post-treatment. HK = heat-killed. (a) Bees treated with live or heat-killed S. alvi trigger AMP upregulation. Mixed treatment of both live and heat-killed S. alvi triggers upregulation of apidaecin and hymenoptaecin, but not abaecin, compared to the control group. (b) Bees treated with live S. alvi, heat-killed S. alvi, or both show upregulation of Toll pathway genes cactus and dorsal compared to the control group. Bees treated with heat-killed S. alvi or both live and heat-killed S. alvi trigger downregulation of the gene toll. (c) Bees treated with both live and heat-killed S. alvi show lower expression of Imd pathway genes dredd, pgrp-lc, and relish compared to other groups. Total N = 48 bees from one hive. *** = p < 0.001, ** = p < 0.01, * = p < 0.05. p-values obtained using Tukey honest significant difference method. (Online version in colour.)