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. 2020 Aug 26;287(1933):20201184. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2020.1184

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© 2020 The Authors.

Published by the Royal Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited.

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Figure 4. — Live S. alvi aids in the clearance of the pathogen S. marcescens while heat-killed S. alvi does not. S. marcescens CFUs of different treatment groups 1 and 3 days post-inoculation with 5 μl of S. marcescens at OD₆₀₀ = 0.5. HK = heat-killed. Bees previously treated with live S. alvi and a mixture of live and heat-killed S. alvi showed significant reduction of S. marcescens CFUs on Day 1 and bees treated with live S. alvi continued this trend at Day 3. Bees treated with only heat-killed S. alvi showed no significant reduction of S. marcescens CFUs compared to controls. Total N = 91 bees from one hive. * = p < 0.05. p-values obtained using Tukey honest significant difference method. (Online version in colour.)