| 1 |
fluorimetric |
nitrogen-doped carbon dots |
1.0 × 10–8 to 1.0 × 10–5
|
5.0 × 10–9
|
blood serum, water |
high sensitivity, nontoxic |
indistinguishable,
Fe3+ from Fe2+
|
(23) |
| 2 |
colorimetric |
|
5.0 × 10–8 to 1.2 × 10–5
|
1.2 × 10–8
|
|
|
|
|
| 3 |
fluorimetric |
nitrogen-doped
carbon dots |
5.0 × 10–7 to 1.0 × 10–3
|
7.9 × 10–8
|
lake water |
nontoxic |
relatively poor selectivity |
(26) |
| 4 |
colorimetric |
ion-pair crystal violet cation/PVC |
|
4.0 × 10–8
|
blood serum, water |
high sensitivity, sample pretreatment not required |
use
of plastic, toxic |
(27) |
| 5 |
amperometric |
PtNPs/PANI/MWCNT/GCE |
1.0 × 10–3 to 2.5 × 10–2
|
3.0 × 10–9
|
polluted soil |
inexpensive, rapid |
sample pretreatment required |
(55) |
| 6 |
fluorimetric |
graphene quantum dots |
3.5 × 10–6 to 6.7 × 10–4
|
1.6 × 10–6
|
tap water |
inexpensive, selectivity |
relatively poor sensitivity |
(31) |
| 7 |
fluorimetric |
gold nanoclusters |
5.0 × 10–6 to 1.3 × 10–3
|
3.5 × 10–6
|
tap, lake water, tablets |
good recovery in spiked
real samples |
relatively
poor sensitivity,
selectivity, expensive probe |
(32) |
| 8 |
fluorimetric |
gold nanoclusters |
5.0 × 10–6 to 2.0 × 10–3
|
2.0 × 10–6
|
blood serum |
selectivity, good accuracy |
relatively poor sensitivity,
expensive |
(33) |
| 9 |
fluorimetric |
Fe3O4@ZnO nanoparticles |
1.0 × 10–8 to 1.3 × 10–4
|
3.0 × 10–9
|
blood serum, waste water |
high sensitivity, good recovery |
fluorescence not stable
beyond pH 8.0 |
(34) |
| 10 |
fluorimetric |
Mg–Al layered double hydroxide |
7.0 × 10–8 to 1.0 × 10–4
|
2.6 × 10–8
|
blood serum |
selectivity, good recovery |
multistep fabrication, sample pretreatment required |
(35) |
| 11 |
fluorimetric |
fluorescein-based aromatic framework |
5.0 × 10–5 to 2.0 × 10–4
|
3.8 × 10–5
|
|
selectivity |
short
linearity, sensitivity |
(36) |
| 12 |
fluorimetric |
MBTBA-Fe3O4@SiO2 nanocomposite |
1.9 × 10–9 to 1.1 × 10–7
|
1.6 × 10–8
|
water |
high sensitivity, good selectivity |
multiple fluorescence may
affect the detection |
(38) |
| 13 |
fluorimetric |
PCQDs |
2.0 × 10–8 to 3.0 × 10–6
|
9.5 × 10–9
|
various water samples |
high sensitivity, selectivity, nontoxic, inexpensive |
store with care due to hygroscopic
nature |
this work |