Table 3:
Relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for dairy and calcium intake from 12–13 years of age in relation to advanced prostate cancer (T3–T4, N1, M1 or death from PCa) in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study, 1996–2011
| Intake categories | P-trend | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Milk intake | ≤2/week | 3–4/week | 5–6/week | 1/day | ≥2/day | Per time/day | |
| No. of cases/pyrs | 230/205,418 | 286/237,861 | 413/324,946 | 535/435,864 | 884/660,208 | ||
| Age-adjusted RR | 1.00 | 1.08 (0.91–1.28) | 1.14 (0.97–1.34) | 1.09 (0.93–1.27) | 1.20 (1.04–1.39) | 1.05 (1.01–1.08) | 0.011 |
| Adjusted RR1 | 1.00 | 1.04 (0.87–1.24) | 1.07 (0.91–1.26) | 1.03 (0.87–1.20) | 1.12 (0.94–1.32) | 1.03 (0.99–1.08) | 0.148 |
| Adjusted RR2 | 1.00 | 1.05 (0.88–1.25) | 1.07 (0.91–1.26) | 1.00 (0.85–1.18) | 1.03 (0.86–1.24) | 1.00 (0.95–1.06) | 0.931 |
| Cheese intake | ≤3/month | 1–2/week | 3–4/week | ≥5/week | Per time/day | ||
| No. of cases/pyrs | 956/747,283 | 802/622,214 | 436/339,181 | 154/155,618 | |||
| Age-adjusted RR | 1.00 | 1.02 (0.93–1.12) | 1.03 (0.92–1.15) | 0.80 (0.67–0.94) | 0.84 (0.70–1.02) | 0.074 | |
| Adjusted RR1 | 1.00 | 0.98 (0.89–1.08) | 0.97 (0.86–1.09) | 0.76 (0.63–0.91) | 0.77 (0.62–0.95) | 0.015 | |
| Adjusted RR2 | 1.00 | 0.98 (0.89–1.08) | 0.99 (0.87–1.12) | 0.78 (0.65–0.94) | 0.80 (0.64–0.99) | 0.043 | |
| Ice cream intake | ≤3/month | 1–2/week | 3–4/week | ≥5/week | Per time/day | ||
| No. of cases/pyrs | 1,107/853,048 | 736/586,080 | 359/282,632 | 146/142,537 | |||
| Age-adjusted RR | 1.00 | 0.99 (0.90–1.09) | 1.01 (0.90–1.14) | 0.81 (0.69–0.97) | 0.85 (0.70–1.03) | 0.096 | |
| Adjusted RR1 | 1.00 | 0.94 (0.86–1.04) | 0.94 (0.83–1.07) | 0.77 (0.64–0.93) | 0.77 (0.62–0.95) | 0.017 | |
| Adjusted RR2 | 1.00 | 0.96 (0.87–1.07) | 0.99 (0.86–1.13) | 0.83 (0.68–1.01) | 0.85 (0.67–1.06) | 0.153 | |
| Dairy intake | ≤4/week | 5–6/week | 1–2/day | 3/day | ≥4/day | Per time/day | |
| No. of cases/pyrs | 264/221,998 | 269/203,857 | 918/767,429 | 507/360,819 | 390/310,193 | ||
| Age-adjusted RR | 1.00 | 1.12 (0.94–1.32) | 1.02 (0.89–1.17) | 1.18 (1.02–1.37) | 1.08 (0.92–1.26) | 1.03 (0.99–1.07) | 0.113 |
| Adjusted RR1 | 1.00 | 1.07 (0.90–1.27) | 0.94 (0.81–1.09) | 1.06 (0.90–1.27) | 0.99 (0.82–1.20) | 1.01 (0.96–1.06) | 0.682 |
| Adjusted RR2 | 1.00 | 1.08 (0.91–1.28) | 0.94 (0.81–1.09) | 0.99 (0.82–1.20) | 0.93 (0.76–1.14) | 0.98 (0.93–1.03) | 0.434 |
| Calcium intake (mg/1000 kcal) | Q1 (<318) | Q2 (318–386) | Q3 (386–487) | Q4 (487–627) | Q5 (>627) | Per quintile | |
| No. of cases/pyrs | 421/372,645 | 476/373,159 | 446/372,942 | 474/373,610 | 531/371,940 | ||
| Age-adjusted RR | 1.00 | 1.13 (0.99–1.29) | 1.05 (0.92–1.20) | 1.12 (0.98–1.27) | 1.25 (1.10–1.42) | 1.53 (1.18–1.97) | 0.001 |
| Adjusted RR1 | 1.00 | 1.10 (0.97–1.26) | 1.05 (0.91–1.20) | 1.13 (0.98–1.30) | 1.19 (1.04–1.36) | 1.39 (1.06–1.82) | 0.017 |
| Adjusted RR2 | 1.00 | 1.07 (0.94–1.22) | 1.01 (0.88–1.16) | 1.05 (0.90–1.23) | 1.10 (0.94–1.29) | 1.17 (0.84–1.63) | 0.352 |
Adjusted RR2 1.00 1.07 (0.94–1.22) 1.01 (0.88–1.16) 1.05 (0.90–1.23) 1.10 (0.94–1.29) 1.17 (0.84–1.63) 0.3521 Adjusted for age; adolescent energy intake; race; family history of prostate cancer; education; marital status; cigarette smoking history; adult alcohol intake; adult waist circumference; body mass index at ages 18, 35, 50, and baseline; adolescent and adult physical activity; prostate-specific antigen and digital rectal examination screening history; diabetes history; father’s occupation; attained height; and adult intake of whole milk, cheese, ice cream, total high-fat dairy products and calcium, as appropriate.
Adjusted for age; adolescent energy intake; race; family history of prostate cancer; education; marital status; cigarette smoking history; adult alcohol intake; body mass index at ages 18, 35, 50, and baseline; adolescent and adult physical activity; prostate-specific antigen and digital rectal examination screening history; father’s occupation; attained height; adult intake of whole milk, cheese, ice cream, total high-fat dairy products and calcium, as appropriate; and adolescent intake of grains, vegetables, fruits, potatoes, red meat, and sweets.