Table 2.
Patient characteristics by the use of epidural anesthesia.
| Epidural anesthesia |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable |
All (n = 97) |
Yes (n = 69) |
No (n = 28) |
P |
| Male, n (%) | 51 (52.6) | 35 (50.7) | 16 (57.1) | 0.656 |
| Multifocal disease, n (%) | 37 (38.1) | 28 (40.6) | 9 (32.1) | 0.495 |
| Metastasis, n (%) | 59 (60.8) | 48 (69.6) | 11 (39.3) | 0.011 |
| Biochemically active, n (%) | 89 (91.8) | 63 (91.3) | 26 (92.9) | 1.000 |
| α-Blockade any, n (%) | 88 (90.7) | 61 (88.4) | 27 (96.4) | 0.440 |
| Nonselective α-blockade,c n (%) | 72 (80.0) | 47 (74.6) | 25 (92.6) | 0.082 |
| β-Blockade, n (%) | 71 (73.2) | 55 (79.7) | 16 (57.1) | 0.041 |
| Metyrosine, n (%) | 47 (49.0) | 29 (42.0) | 18 (66.7) | 0.041 |
| Calcium channel blocker, n (%) | 21 (21.6) | 16 (23.2) | 5 (17.9) | 0.786 |
| ACEI, n (%) | 6 (6.2) | 5 (7.2) | 1 (3.6) | 0.669 |
| Preoperative IV hydration, n (%) | 86 (88.7) | 60 (87.0) | 26 (92.9) | 0.503 |
| Reoperative case, n (%) | 63 (64.9) | 50 (72.5) | 13 (46.4) | 0.020 |
| Transfusion | 16 (16.8) | 8 (11.8) | 8 (29.6) | 0.064 |
| IO hypotension (MAP ≤60 mmHg) | 62 (72.9) | 45 (72.6) | 17 (73.9) | 1.000 |
| Postoperative vasopressors | 12 (12.6) | 10 (14.5) | 2 (7.7) | 0.502 |
| Postoperative hypotension (MAP ≤60 mmHg) | 47 (49.0) | 40 (58.8) | 7 (25.0) | 0.003 |
| EA stopped for hypotension | 10 (10.3) | 10 (14.5) | 0 (0) | 0.058 |
| Postoperative hypoxia | 19 (20.7) | 13 (19.4) | 6 (24.0) | 0.773 |
| Postoperative diuretics | 23 (23.7) | 15 (21.7) | 8 (28.6) | 0.599 |
| Other postoperative complicationsa | 14 (14.4) | 9 (13.0) | 5 (17.9) | 0.537 |
| Clavien-Dindo Grade 2 | 9 | 6 | 3 | |
| Clavien-Dindo Grade 3a | 2 | 1 | 1 | |
| Clavien-Dindo Grade 3b | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
| Clavien-Dindo Grade 4a | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
| Clavien-Dindo Grade 4b | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Clavien-Dindo Grade 5 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
| Mutations | ||||
| VHL | 12 (12.4) | 1 (1.4) | 11 (39.3) | <0.001b |
| Non-VHL | 85 (87.6) | 68 (98.6) | 17 (60.7) | |
| SDHB | 26 (26.8) | 22 (31.9) | 4 (14.3) | |
| SDHD | 4 (4.1) | 3 (4.3) | 1 (3.6) | |
| MEN1 | 4 (4.4) | 3 (4.3) | 1 (3.6) | |
| RET | 3 (2.2) | 2 (2.9) | 1 (3.6) | |
| HIF2α | 11 (12.1) | 10 (14.5) | 1 (3.6) | |
| PHD2 | 1 (1.0) | 1 (1.4) | 0 (0) | |
| FH | 2 (2.1) | 2 (2.9) | 0 (0) | |
| NF1 | 1 (1.0) | 0 (0) | 1 (3.6) | |
| No known mutations | 33 (34.0) | 25 (36.2) | 8 (28.6) | |
ACEI, angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor; EA, epidural anesthesia; IO, intraoperative; IV, intravenous; MAP, mean arterial pressure; VHL, von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. Bold indicates statistical significance, P<0.05.
a
Aspiration pneumonia (n = 2), gastrointestinal bleed (n = 1), hypertension (n = 2), intra-abdominal abscess (n = 1), myocardial infarction/death (n = 1), pulmonary embolus (n = 1), urinary tract infection (n = 2), wound dehiscence (n = 1), wound infection (n = 3)
b
VHL compared to all other mutations
c
Nonselective = phenoxybenzamine, Selective = doxazosin, prazosin, or terazosin.