Table 1.
Mechanisms of BC therapeutic resistance mediated by lncRNAs
| LncRNA | Therapeutic strategy | Pathway/target | Action modes | Effection | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HOTAIR | Tamoxifen | ER | Promoting ligand-independent ER activities, increasing cancer stemness | Inducing | 11 |
| NEAT1 | Paclitaxel , cisplatin, 5-FU | miR-129/ZEB2, miR-211/HMGA2 | CeRNA, regulating apoptosis and cell cycle progression, facilitating cell growth | Inducing | 12, 13 |
| HOXB-AS5 | PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibitors | PI3K/AKT/mTOR | Promoting cell growth, migration and invasion | Inducing | 15 |
| Lnc712 | CDK inhibitors | HSP90 | Regulating CDK2 activation and triggering cell proliferation | Inducing | 16 |
| LINK-A | Immune checkpoint blockers |
PIP3/GPCR, PLC | Reducing antigenicity to avoid detection by antitumor lymphocytes | Inducing | 17 |
| H19 | Tamoxifen, fulverstrant | ER | Regulating ERα expression at the transcript and protein levels | Inducing | 19 |
| MIR2052HG | Aromatase inhibitors | EGR1, ER | Promoting ESR1 transcription and limiting ubiquitin-mediated ERα degradation | Inducing | 20 |
| TINCR | Trastuzumab | miR-125b/ERBB2 | CeRNA, regulating the expression level of HER2 | Inducing | 21 |
| Linc-RoR | Tamoxifen | DUSP7, MAPK/ERK | Promoting estrogen-independent cell growth | Inducing | 25 |
| DCST1-AS1 | Doxorubicin, paclitaxel | ANXA1 | Unknown | Inducing | 37 |
| NKILA | Immunotherapy | NF-κB | Facilitating T cell vulnerability to AICD and decreasing CTL infiltration | Inducing | 52 |
| TMPO-AS1 | Endocrine therapy | ER | Stabilizing ESR1 mRNA through interaction with ESR1 mRNA | Inducing | 61 |
| LINP1 | Tamoxifen | ER | Attenuating the estrogen response | Inducing | 62 |
| DSCAM-AS1 | Tamoxifen | hnRNPL | Unknown | Inducing | 63 |
| GAS5 | Tamoxifen | miR-222/PTEN | CeRNA | Reversing | 64 |
| UCA1 | Tamoxifen | miR-18a/HIF1α | CeRNA, regulating cell cycle | Inducing | 65 |
| CYTOR | Tamoxifen | miR‑125a‑5p/SRF, Hippo, MAPK | CeRNA, promoting cell survival | Inducing | 66 |
| DSCAM‐AS1 | Tamoxifen | miR‐137/EPS8 | CeRNA, promoting cell proliferation and suppressing apoptosis | Inducing | 67 |
| HOTAIRM1 | Tamoxifen | EZH2 | Preventing H3K27me3 of HOXA1 | Inducing | 69 |
| AFAP1-AS1 | Trastuzumab | AUF1/ERBB2 | Enhancing HER2 translation, exosome-mediated dissemination | Inducing | 75 |
| AGAP2-AS1 | Trastuzumab | hnRNPA2B1 | Exosome-mediated dissemination | Inducing | 76 |
| SNHG14 | Trastuzumab | Bcl-2/Bax, PABPC1 | Inhibiting apoptosis, exosome-mediated dissemination | Inducing | 77, 78 |
| AGAP2-AS1 | Trastuzumab | CBP, MyD88, NF-κB | Activating NF-κB signaling pathway, promoting cell growth | Inducing | 80 |
| LINK-A | MK2206 | AKT | Facilitating the enzymatic activation of AKT | Inducing | 89 |
| AK023948 | AKT inhibitors | DHX9/p85 | Sustaining the stability of p85 | Inducing | 90 |
| Linc-ROR | mTOR inhibitor (rapamycin) | miR-194-3p/ MECP2 | CeRNA | Inducing | 91 |
| lncRNA-JADE | PARP inhibitors | BRCA1, Jade1 | Increasing transcription of DNA damage repair-related genes | Inducing | 110 |
| GUARDIN | PARP inhibitors | BRCA1, TRF2 | Maintaining genome integrity | Inducing | 115 |
| PHACTR2-AS1 | PARP inhibitors | Ribosome DNA genes | Triggering H3K9 methylation-mediated silencing of ribosome DNA genes | Inducing | 117 |
| FTH1P3 | Paclitaxel | miR-206/ABCB1 | CeRNA | Inducing | 124 |
| Linc00518 | Paclitaxel | miR-199a/MRP1 | CeRNA | Inducing | 125 |
| NONHSAT101069 | Epirubicin | miR-129-5p/Twist1 | CeRNA | Inducing | 126 |
| CASC2 | Paclitaxel | miR-18a-5p/CDK19 | CeRNA | Inducing | 127 |
| MAPT-AS1 | Paclitaxel | MAPT | Increasing the stability of MAPT mRNA | Inducing | 128 |
| NONHSAT141924 | Paclitaxel | p-CREB/Bcl-2 apoptosis pathway | Unknown | Inducing | 129 |
| LINC00968 | Paclitaxel, adriamycin | WNT2 | Inhibiting the Wnt2/β-catenin signaling pathway | Reversing | 132 |
| GAS5 | Adriamycin | miR-221-3p/DDK2 | CeRNA | Reversing | 133 |
| AC073284.4 | Paclitaxel | miR‐18b‐5p/DOCK4 | CeRNA | Reversing | 134 |