Table 2. Crosstabulation of BMI with eating behaviors, eating practices, and awareness of the health risks associated with obesity.
| Expected Answers | Under weight | Normal | Overweight | Obese | Total (Percent) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2.1 Eating behaviors | ||||||
| 1. How often do you eat food/take snacks along with energy or carbonated drinks while watching Television? | ||||||
| Everyday | 12 (21.8%) | 74 (34.6%) | 52 (61.2%) | 34 (54.8%) | 172 (41.3%) | p<0.001*** |
| 3–4 times/week | 8 (14.5%) | 33 (15.4%) | 15 (17.6%) | 17 (27.4%) | 73 (17.5%) | |
| 1–2 times/week | 13 (23.6%) | 15 (7.0%) | 7 (8.2%) | 6 (9.7%) | 41 (9.9%) | |
| Seldom/Rarely | 22 (40%) | 92 (43.0%) | 11 (12.9%) | 5 (8.1%) | 130 (31.3%) | |
| 2. How often do you eat food/take snacks along with energy or carbonated drinks while playing video games (or) games on your mobile phones? | ||||||
| Everyday | 17 (30.9%) | 37 (17.3%) | 48 (56.5%) | 41 (66.1%) | 143 (34.4%) | p<0.001*** |
| 3–4 times/week | 5 (9.1%) | 26 (12.1%) | 17 (20.0%) | 5 (8.1%) | 53 (12.7%) | |
| 1–2 times/week | 11 (20.0%) | 51 (23.8%) | 5 (5.9%) | 7 (11.3%) | 74 (17.8%) | |
| Seldom/Rarely | 22 (40.0%) | 100 (46.7%) | 15 (17.6%) | 9 (14.5%) | 146 (35.1%) | |
| 3. How often do you take snacks separately from taking meals three times a day? | ||||||
| Everyday | 21 (38.2%) | 84 (39.3%) | 44 (51.8%) | 46 (74.2%) | 195 (46.9%) | p<0.001*** |
| 3–4 times/week | 22 (40.0%) | 77 (36.0%) | 31 (36.5%) | 9 (14.5%) | 139 (33.4%) | |
| Seldom/Rarely | 12 (21.8%) | 53 (24.8%) | 10 (11.8%) | 7 (11.3%) | 82 (19.7%) | |
| 4. How often do you take energy drinks? | ||||||
| Everyday | 12 (21.8%) | 34 (15.9%) | 22 (25.9%) | 21 (33.9%) | 89 (21.4%) | 0.013 (p<0.05*) |
| 3–4 times/week | 11 (20.0%) | 66 (30.8%) | 24 (28.2%) | 12 (19.4%) | 113 (27.2%) | |
| 1–2 times/week | 24 (43.6%) | 76 (35.5%) | 34 (40.0%) | 17 (27.4%) | 151 (36.3%) | |
| Seldom/Rarely | 8 (14.5%) | 38 (17.8%) | 5 (5.9%) | 12 (19.4%) | 63 (15.1%) | |
| 5. How often do you take carbonated or flavored drinks? | ||||||
| Everyday | 18 (32.7%) | 37 (17.3%) | 44 (51.8%) | 34 (54.8%) | 133 (32.0%) | p<0.001*** |
| 3–4 times/week | 7 (12.7%) | 32 (15.0%) | 27 (31.8%) | 11 (17.7%) | 77 (18.5%) | |
| 1–2 times/week | 19 (34.5%) | 55 (25.7%) | 6 (7.1%) | 10 (16.1%) | 90 (21.6%) | |
| Seldom/Rarely | 11 (20.0%) | 90 (42.1%) | 8 (9.4%) | 7 (11.3%) | 116 (27.9%) | |
| 6. How often do you eat fruits and vegetables that are high on fiber? | ||||||
| Everyday | 8 (14.5%) | 22 (10.3%) | 11 (12.9%) | 10 (16.1%) | 51 (12.3%) | 0.332 |
| 3–4 times/week | 6 (10.9%) | 42 (19.6%) | 11 (12.9%) | 9 (14.5%) | 68 (16.3%) | |
| 1–2 times/week | 32 (58.2%) | 135 (63.1%) | 55 (64.7%) | 35 (56.5%) | 257 (61.8%) | |
| Seldom/Rarely | 9 (16.4%) | 15 (7.0%) | 8 (9.4%) | 8 (12.9%) | 40 (9.6%) | |
| 7. How often do you eat home-cooked food with your family? | ||||||
| Everyday | 19 (34.5%) | 59 (27.6%) | 18 (21.2%) | 14 (22.6%) | 110 (26.4%) | 0.244 |
| 3–4 times/week | 13 (23.6%) | 52 (24.3%) | 28 (32.9%) | 23 (37.1%) | 116 (27.9%) | |
| 1–2 times/week | 14 (25.5%) | 78 (36.4%) | 24 (28.2%) | 17 (27.4%) | 133 (32.0%) | |
| Seldom/Rarely | 9 (16.4%) | 25 (11.7%) | 15 (17.6%) | 8 (12.9%) | 57 (13.7%) | |
| 8. How often do you eat fast food? | ||||||
| Everyday | 8 (14.5%) | 34 (15.9%) | 30 (35.3%) | 13 (21.0%) | 85 (20.4%) | p<0.001*** |
| 3–4 times/week | 22 (40.0%) | 60 (28.0%) | 34 (40.0%) | 27 (43.5%) | 143 (34.4%) | |
| 1–2 times/week | 15 (27.3%) | 31(14.5%) | 14 (16.5%) | 11 (17.7%) | 71 (17.1%) | |
| Seldom/Rarely | 10 (18.2%) | 89 (41.6%) | 7 (8.2%) | 11 (17.7%) | 117 (28.1%) | |
| 2.2 Eating practices | ||||||
| 9. How do you eat your food? | ||||||
| On Dining Table | 31 (56.4%) | 80 (37.4%) | 61 (71.8%) | 52 (83.9%) | 224 (53.8%) | p<0.001*** |
| Islamic way of squatting on the ground | 24 (43.6%) | 134 (62.6%) | 24 (28.2%) | 10 (16.1%) | 192 (46.2%) | |
| 10. Do you take meals three times in a day? | ||||||
| Yes | 47 (85.5%) | 200 (93.5%) | 73 (85.9%) | 53 (85.5%) | 373 (89.7%) | 0.077 |
| No | 8 (14.5%) | 14 (6.5%) | 12 (14.1%) | 9 (14.5%) | 43 (10.3%) | |
| 11. Do you indulge in midnight snacking? | ||||||
| Yes | 10 (18.2%) | 48 (22.4%) | 56 (65.9%) | 36 (58.1%) | 150 (36.1%) |
p<0.001*** |
| No | 45 (81.8%) | 166 (77.6%) | 29 (34.1%) | 26 (41.9%) | 266 (63.9%) | |
| 12. Do you sleep immediately after having dinner? | ||||||
| Yes | 22 (40.0%) | 59 (27.6%) | 30 (35.3%) | 34 (54.8%) | 145 (34.9%) | 0.001 p<0.01** |
| No | 33 (60.0%) | 155 (72.4%) | 55 (64.7%) | 28 (45.2%) | 271 (65.1%) | |
| 13. Do you walk for a while after having dinner? | ||||||
| Yes | 16 (29.1%) | 64 (29.9%) | 19 (22.4%) | 6 (9.7%) | 105 (25.2%) | 0.011 (p<0.05*) |
| No | 39 (70.9%) | 150 (70.1%) | 66 (77.6%) | 56 (90.3%) | 311 (74.8%) | |
| 2.3 Physical activity | ||||||
| 14. How often do you exercise? | ||||||
| Everyday | 13 (23.6%) | 78 (36.4%) | 11 (12.9%) | 7 (11.3%) | 109 (26.2%) |
p<0.001*** |
| 3–4 times/week | 6 (10.9%) | 68 (31.8%) | 22 (25.9%) | 6 (9.7%) | 102 (24.5%) | |
| 1–2 times/week | 15 (27.3%) | 26 (12.1%) | 18 (21.2%) | 12 (19.4%) | 71 (17.1%) | |
| Seldom/Rarely | 21 (38.2%) | 42 (19.6%) | 34 (40.0%) | 37 (59.7%) | 134 (32.2%) | |
| 15. What kind of exercise do you do? | ||||||
| Walking | 10 (18.2%) | 29 (13.6%) | 25 (29.4%) | 20 (32.3%) | 84 (20.2%) |
p<0.001*** |
| Running | 17 (30.9%) | 59 (27.6%) | 8 (9.4%) | 5 (8.1%) | 89 (21.4%) | |
| Swimming | 13 (23.6%) | 64 (29.9%) | 11 (12.9%) | 7 (11.3%) | 95 (22.8%) | |
| Workout (Gym) | 6 (10.9%) | 52 (24.3%) | 8 (9.4%) | 6 (9.7%) | 72 (17.3%) | |
| Do not like to Exercise | 9 (16.4%) | 10 (4.7%) | 33 (38.8%) | 24 (38.7%) | 76 (18.3%) | |
| 2.4 Awareness of the health risks associated with obesity | ||||||
| 16.1: Metabolic syndrome | ||||||
| Yes | 10 (18.2%) | 27 (12.6%) | 13 (15.3%) | 4 (6.5%) | 54 (13.0%) | 0.252 |
| No | 45 (81.8%) | 187 (87.4%) | 72 (84.7%) | 58 (93.5%) | 362 (87.0%) | |
| 16.2: Type—2 Diabetes | ||||||
| Yes | 35 (63.6%) | 147 (68.7%) | 45 (52.9%) | 36 (58.1%) | 263 (63.2%) | 0.062 |
| No | 20 (36.4%) | 67 (31.3%) | 40 (47.1%) | 26 (41.9%) | 153 (36.8%) | |
| 16.3: Hypertension | ||||||
| Yes | 36 (65.5%) | 167 (78.0%) | 49 (57.6%) | 47 (75.8%) | 299 (71.9%) | 0.003 p<0.01** |
| No | 19 (34.5%) | 47 (22.0%) | 36 (42.4%) | 15 (24.2%) | 117 (28.1%) | |
| 16.4: Coronary Artery disease and Stroke | ||||||
| Yes | 42 (76.4%) | 149 (69.6%) | 46 (54.1%) | 42 (67.7%) | 279 (67.1%) | 0.026 (p<0.05*) |
| No | 13 (23.6%) | 65 (30.4%) | 39 (45.9%) | 20 (32.3%) | 137 (32.9%) | |
| 16.5: Respiratory Disorders | ||||||
| Yes | 15 (27.3%) | 22 (10.3%) | 11 (12.9%) | 16 (25.8%) | 64 (15.4%) | 0.001 p<0.01** |
| No | 40 (72.7%) | 192 (89.7%) | 74 (87.1%) | 46 (74.2%) | 352 (84.6%) | |
| 16.6: Reproductive Disorders | ||||||
| Yes | 6 (10.9%) | 6 (2.8%) | 17 (20.0%) | 11 (17.7%) | 40 (9.6%) | p<0.001*** |
| No | 49 (89.1%) | 208 (97.2%) | 68 (80.0%) | 51 (82.3%) | 376 (90.4%) | |
| 16.7: Osteoarthritis | ||||||
| Yes | 25 (45.5%) | 46 (21.5%) | 30 (35.3%) | 26 (41.9%) | 127 (30.5%) | p<0.001*** |
| No | 30 (54.5%) | 168 (78.5%) | 55 (64.7%) | 36 (58.1%) | 289 (69.5%) | |
| 16.8: Liver and Gallbladder diseases | ||||||
| Yes | 9 (16.4%) | 32 (15.0%) | 21 (24.7%) | 18 (29.0%) | 80 (19.2%) | 0.040 (p<0.05*) |
| No | 46 (83.6%) | 182 (85.0%) | 64 (75.3%) | 44 (71.0%) | 336 (80.8%) | |
| 16.9: All of the above | ||||||
| Yes | 6 (10.9%) | 16 (7.5%) | 13 (15.3%) | 6 (9.7%) | 41 (9.9%) | 0.234 |
| No | 49 (89.1%) | 198 (92.5%) | 72 (84.7%) | 56 (90.3%) | 375 (90.1%) | |
| 16.10: None of the above | ||||||
| Yes | 40 (72.7%) | 149 (69.6%) | 71 (83.5%) | 43 (69.4%) | 303 (72.8%) | 0.093 |
| No | 15 (27.3%) | 65 (30.4%) | 14 (16.5%) | 19 (30.6%) | 113 (27.2%) | |
*** denotes p<0.001
** denotes p<0.01
* denotes p<0.05