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Synthesis and metabolism of 5-HT, DA, and NE/Epinephrine. All three of these neurotransmitters can be synthesized and metabolized in the placenta. In the placenta, these neurotransmitters may induce autocrine and paracrine effects. Active concentrations of these placental-derived neurotransmitters can also circulate and influence fetal brain development. Chemical structures are from www.chemspider.com/. The first panel of this figure has been modified from (Rosenfeld, 2019).
