Table 1.
Descriptive statistics of the total analytic sample and by food and housing insecurity status [M (SD) or %]
| Total Analytic Sample N = 2,626 | Food and Housing Secure n = 1,370 | Housing Instability Only n = 883 | Food Insecurity Only n = 92 | Food Insecurity and Housing Instability n = 281 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adolescent Mental Health | |||||
| Depressive symptoms | 5.12 (2.29) | 5.01 (2.24) b, c | 5.09 (2.27) | 5.93 (2.85) | 5.50 (2.37) |
| Anxiety symptoms | 4.82 (3.90) | 4.58 (3.82) b, c | 4.85 (3.97) | 5.77 (4.06) | 5.59 (3.87) |
| Early Childhood Economic Hardship Experiences | |||||
| Food and housing secure | 52% | 100% | -- | -- | -- |
| Housing instability only | 33% | -- | 100% | -- | -- |
| Food insecurity only | 4% | -- | -- | 100% | -- |
| Food insecurity and housing instability | 11% | -- | -- | -- | 100% |
| Potential Maternal Mediators | |||||
| Mother Depression | |||||
| No | 83% | 89% | 78% | 77% | 70% |
| Yes | 17% | 11% a, b, c | 22% | 23% | 30% |
| Parent Stress | 2.71(1.07) | 2.64(1.07) a, c | 2.72(1.05) | 2.77(1.13) | 3.00(1.03) |
| Adolescent Characteristics | |||||
| Sex | |||||
| Female | 49% | 47% | 55% | 46% | 43% |
| Male | 51% | 53% a | 45% | 54% | 57% |
| Race | |||||
| White | 27% | 31% a, b, c | 23% | 9% | 18% |
| Hispanic | 24% | 27% a | 19% | 28% | 27% |
| Black | 49% | 42% a, b, c | 58% | 63% | 55% |
| Health insurance | |||||
| Uninsured | 6% | 5% c | 5% | 9% | 9% |
| Private | 42% | 50% a, b, c | 37% | 15% | 29% |
| Public | 52% | 45% a, b, c | 57% | 76% | 62% |
| Maternal and Household Characteristics | |||||
| Age | 28.16 (6.01) | 28.99 (6.30) a, b, c | 27.18 (5.45) | 27.59 (6.71) | 27.38 (5.38) |
| Marital status | |||||
| Married/cohabiting | 63% | 70% | 59% | 54% | 54% |
| Single/widowed/divorced | 37% | 30% a, b | 41% | 46% | 46% |
| Education | |||||
| Less than high school | 30% | 27% b, c | 31% | 47% | 36% |
| High school diploma | 31% | 30% b | 31% | 41% | 34% |
| Some college or more | 39% | 43% a, b, c | 38% | 13% | 30% |
| Employment | |||||
| Employed | 60% | 61% | 61% | 42% | 53% |
| Unemployed | 40% | 39% b, c | 39% | 58% | 47% |
| Income (based on Federal Poverty Line, FPL) | |||||
| ≤1.99 FPL | 65% | 56% a, c | 71% | 82% | 86% |
| 2.00–2.99 FPL | 14% | 15%c | 15% | 9% | 10% |
| ≥3.00 FPL | 21% | 29% a, b, c | 14% | 9% | 4% |
| History of paternal incarceration | |||||
| No | 55% | 64% | 52% | 36% | 40% |
| Yes | 45% | 36% a, b, c | 48% | 64% | 60% |
| Maternal depression | |||||
| No | 79% | 86% | 75% | 71% | 61% |
| Yes | 21% | 14% a, b, c | 25% | 29% | 39% |
| Maternal anxiety | |||||
| No | 95% | 98% | 94% | 91% | 85% |
| Yes | 5% | 2% a, b, c | 6% | 9% | 15% |
| Adolescent Economic Hardship Experiences | |||||
| Food and housing secure | 55% | 63% | 43% | 48% | 29% |
| Housing instability only | 30% | 29% a, c | 39% | 24% | 35% |
| Food insecurity only | 3% | 3% b | 3% | 11% | 5% |
| Food insecurity and housing instability | 12% | 5% a, b, c | 15% | 17% | 31% |
a:
p<.05 Food and housing secure vs Housing instability only
b:
p<.05 Food and housing secure vs Food insecurity only
c:
p<.05 Food and housing secure vs Food and housing insecure