Table 2.
Characteristics of the patients who did and did not receive PPI in the propensity-matched cohorts.
| PPI-Unexposed | PPI-Exposed | Standardized Mean Difference* |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 86,264† | 86,264 | |
| Male (%) | 86 | 85.8 | 0.006 |
| Race/Ethnicity (%) | 0.019 | ||
| White | 54.7 | 54.1 | |
| Black | 15.8 | 15.8 | |
| Hispanic | 11.9 | 12.3 | |
| Other | 4.9 | 4.7 | |
| Unknown | 12.8 | 13.1 | |
| Age (median [IQR]) | 32.01 [26.81, 42.49] | 31.58 [26.52, 41.84] | 0.044 |
| Most Recent Creatinine (median [IQR]) | 1.00 [0.90, 1.10] | 1.00 [0.88, 1.10] | <0.001 |
| H2RA (%) | 19.8 | 17.4 | 0.061 |
| Thiazide Diuretic (%) | 1.9 | 1.5 | 0.034 |
| Loop Diuretic (%) | 14.7 | 13.8 | 0.025 |
| Gout Medication (%) | 1.2 | 0.9 | 0.03 |
| GERD (%) | 40.9 | 40.9 | <0.001 |
| Peptic Ulcer Disease (%) | 1 | 1.3 | 0.029 |
| Barrett's Disease (%) | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.005 |
| GI Bleed (%) | 9.1 | 8.4 | 0.024 |
| Gastritis (%) | 5 | 5.7 | 0.031 |
| Functional Dyspepsia (%) | 3.6 | 3.7 | 0.006 |
| GI Surgery History (%) | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.02 |
| Diabetes (%) | 7.8 | 6.1 | 0.068 |
| Gout (%) | 2.7 | 1.9 | 0.052 |
| Outpatient Encounters in Preceding Year (median [IQR]) | 5.00 [3.00, 10.00] | 5.00 [2.00, 10.00] | 0.019 |
| Inpatient Encounters in Preceding Year (median [IQR]) | 0.00 [0.00, 0.00] | 0.00 [0.00, 0.00] | 0.035 |
PPI=proton pump inhibitor; H2RA=histamine-2 receptor antagonist; GERD=gastroesophageal reflux disease; GI=gastrointestinal
*
Standardized mean difference < 0.2 suggests good matching with respect to the specific variable.
†
3.4% of PPI-users were unmatched because no control individual meeting matching criteria was identified; these patients were excluded from analysis