Table 2.
Bivariate associations of NICU characteristics with quality, Baby-MONITOR scores, in California 2008–2011 (N = 119 NICUs).
| Characteristics | All | Baby-MONITOR score (tertile based on distribution of NICU) | P value (Chi-square test or ANOVA test) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tertile 1 (lowest quality) | Tertile 2 | Tertile 3 (highest quality) | |||||||
| N or mean | % or SD | N (39) or mean | % or SD | N (40) or mean | % or SD | N (40) or mean | % or SD | ||
| NICU patient population characteristicsa | |||||||||
| Maternal racial/ethnic composition | |||||||||
| % NH White (mean, SD) | 26% | 15 | 20% | 11 | 26% | 14 | 32% | 16 | <0.01 |
| % NH Black (mean, SD) | 14% | 11 | 16% | 11 | 13% | 11 | 12% | 10 | 0.36 |
| % Hispanic (mean, SD) | 48% | 17 | 53% | 13 | 48% | 18 | 44% | 19 | 0.03 |
| % Asian/Pacific Islander (mean, SD) | 10% | 9 | 8% | 8 | 12% | 12 | 10% | 5 | 0.40 |
| Maternal education composition | |||||||||
| % <High school (mean, SD) | 24% | 14 | 29% | 13 | 21% | 13 | 22% | 13 | 0.04 |
| % High school graduate (mean, SD) | 26% | 9 | 29% | 8 | 26% | 11 | 24% | 8 | 0.86 |
| % Some college and associate degree (mean, SD) | 24% | 8 | 24% | 8 | 23% | 9 | 26% | 6 | 0.74 |
| % Bachelor’s degree and above (mean, SD) | 21% | 15 | 14% | 9 | 24% | 18 | 23% | 14 | 0.02 |
| % of infants cared for at nearest NICU to maternal address | 38% | 29 | 37% | 28 | 37% | 30 | 41% | 31 | 0.75 |
| NICU catchment area characteristicsa,b | |||||||||
| Tertile 1 of composite nSES score (lowest SES) | 39 | 32.8% | 21 | 53.9% | 10 | 25.0% | 8 | 20.0% | |
| Tertile 2 of composite nSES score | 40 | 33.6% | 12 | 30.8% | 15 | 37.5% | 13 | 32.5% | |
| Tertile 3 of composite nSES score (highest SES) | 39 | 32.8% | 6 | 15.4% | 14 | 35.0% | 19 | 47.5% | 0.01 |
| Total population (mean, SD) | 47889 | 5945 | 4772 | 6423 | 4836 | 669 | 4758 | 468 | 0.83 |
| Population density (mean, SD) | 3628 | 2056 | 3891 | 2233 | 3948 | 2332 | 3061 | 1423 | 0.10 |
| % NH White (mean, SD) | 34% | 15 | 30% | 14 | 30% | 15 | 41% | 15 | <0.01 |
| % NH Black (mean, SD) | 7% | 6 | 9% | 7 | 6% | 5 | 6% | 4 | 0.03 |
| % Hispanic (mean, SD) | 44% | 16 | 48% | 13 | 48% | 17 | 37% | 14 | <0.01 |
| % Asian/Pacific Islander (mean, SD) | 12% | 8 | 11% | 6 | 14% | 10 | 13% | 8 | 0.28 |
| % Foreign born (mean, SD) | 30% | 9 | 30% | 9 | 33% | 9 | 27% | 8 | 0.02 |
| % Crowding (mean, SD) | 12% | 6 | 13% | 6 | 12% | 6 | 9% | 5 | 0.01 |
| % Traveled to work by car/motorcycle (mean, SD) | 85% | 7 | 85% | 6 | 85% | 8 | 86% | 5 | 0.83 |
| % Traveled to work by public transport (mean, SD) | 5% | 5 | 6% | 5 | 6% | 6 | 5% | 4 | 0.46 |
| % Traveled to work by walk/bike (mean, SD) | 1% | 1 | 1% | 0 | 1% | 0 | 2% | 1 | 0.34 |
| % Work at home (mean, SD) | 4% | 1 | 4% | 1 | 4% | 1 | 5% | 1 | 0.08 |
| % Traveled 60+ min to work (mean, SD) | 3% | 1 | 3% | 1 | 3% | 2 | 3% | 1 | 0.32 |
| Street connectivity/gamma (mean, SD) | 0.5 | 0 | 0.5 | 0 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.08 |
| Traffic density (mean, SD) | 100448 | 50218 | 100582 | 54776 | 108853 | 53303 | 92121 | 41618 | 0.34 |
| Parks per 1000 population (mean, SD) | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 0.05 |
| Total businesses per 1000 population (mean, SD) | 160 | 408 | 223 | 674 | 112 | 98 | 145 | 200 | 0.47 |
| Recreational facilities per 1000 population (mean, SD) | 3.9 | 9.7 | 5.4 | 15.6 | 2.5 | 3.3 | 3.8 | 5.3 | 0.43 |
| Restaurant Environment Index (REI) (mean, SD) | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.23 |
| Retail Food Environment Index (RFEI) (mean, SD) | 1.3 | 0.3 | 1.3 | 0.3 | 1.2 | 0.3 | 1.3 | 0.3 | 0.93 |
aThe following variables did not have statistically significant distributions that varied by NICU quality tertiles: Hospital characteristics (Neonatologist available 24 h per day; type of hospital ownership; teaching hospital; AAP level of care; number of NICU beds; number of NICU admissions; registered nursing hours per patient day; number of licensed NICU beds; number of available NICU beds; number of staffed NICU beds), NICU patient characteristics (maternal racial/ethnic composition—% NH Black, % NH API; maternal education composition—% high school graduate, % some college/associate degree), catchment area characteristics (total population, population density, % API, % commute by car/motorcycle, public transportation, walk/bike, % work at home, traffic density, parks per 1000 population, total businesses, recreational facilities and food environment).
bAverage of tract-level measures within each catchment area.