Table 1.
Delirium rates and clinical outcomes for the screening cohort and the subset of patients screened for ICU-acquired delirium.
| All Patients Screened for Delirium in Study (n = 2742) | ||||||
| Outcomes | 2010**** (n = 383) | 2011**** (n = 706) | 2012**** (n = 650) | 2013**** (n = 463) | 2014**** (n = 540) | P-value |
| Any Delirium* (%) | 22.7 | 18.4 | 15.2 | 17.5 | 10.2 | <0.001 |
| Hyperactive delirium** (%) | 3.4 | 4.1 | 2.6 | 1.9 | 1.5 | 0.057 |
| Hypoactive delirium** (%) | 19.3 | 14.3 | 12.6 | 15.6 | 8.7 | <0.001 |
| Coma (%) | 24.0 | 21.8 | 20.6 | 25.0 | 17.4 | 0.035 |
| Admission mean RASS1 – median IQR2 | −0.3 (−2, 0) | −0.5 (−1.5, 0) | −0.5 (−1.3,−0.1) | 0 (−1, 0) | 0 (−0.4, 0) | <0.001 |
| LOS days median (IQR) | 7 (5–13) | 8 (5–15) | 8 (5–13) | 9 (6–16) | 8 (5–12) | 0.026 |
| Hospital mortality (%) | 3.4 | 4.2 | 4.3 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 0.873 |
| Mechanical Ventilation (%) | 36.0 | 36.5 | 33.8 | 41.2 | 37.8 | 0.166 |
| Respiratory failure (%) | 26.6 | 32.4 | 40.0 | 42.3 | 44.3 | <0.001 |
| Acute renal failure (%) | 29.5 | 32.7 | 29.8 | 32.8 | 28.7 | 0.490 |
| Trauma (%) | 15.9 | 17.0 | 16.5 | 21.0 | 23.3 | 0.011 |
| Hypoalbuminemia | 26.6 | 25.8 | 23.8 | 25.9 | 42.2 | <0.001 |
| Unit | <0.001 | |||||
| MICU, n (%) | 66.8 | 67.0 | 69.5 | 62.0 | 55.2 | |
| SICU, n (%) | 33.2 | 33.0 | 30.5 | 38.0 | 44.8 | |
| Medication Orders | ||||||
| Benzodiazepines | 20.4 | 22.1 | 24.8 | 21.6 | 21.1 | 0.486 |
| Opioids | 66.3 | 72.1 | 70.6 | 75.4 | 74.4 | 0.046 |
| Subset of Patients Screened for ICU-Acquired Delirium (n = 2117) | ||||||
| Outcomes | 2010**** (n = 287) | 2011**** (n = 570) | 2012**** (n = 531) | 2013**** (n = 366) | 2014**** (n = 363) | P-value |
| ICU-acquired Delirium*** (%) | 8.4 | 9.5 | 5.3 | 6.0 | 4.4 | 0.014 |
| Hyperactive delirium** (%) | 0.7 | 1.9 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.061 |
| Hypoactive delirium** (%) | 7.7 | 7.5 | 4.7 | 5.7 | 4.1 | 0.113 |
| Coma (%) | 13.2 | 17.5 | 15.8 | 20.0 | 16.0 | 0.211 |
| Admission mean RASS1 – median IQR2 | 0 (−0.7, 0) | −0.3 (−1.0, 0) | −0.4 (−0.9, −0.1) | 0 (−0.5, 0) | 0 (−0.3, 0) | <0.001 |
| LOS days median (IQR) | 7 (4–11) | 8 (5–14) | 8 (5–12) | 8 (5–15) | 9 (6–13) | 0.001 |
| Hospital mortality (%) | 3.1 | 3.3 | 2.8 | 3.0 | 1.9 | 0.798 |
| Mechanical Ventilation (%) | 24.0 | 30.7 | 26.0 | 33.9 | 35.5 | 0.003 |
| Respiratory failure (%) | 20.2 | 29.3 | 34.6 | 37.2 | 41.3 | <0.001 |
| Acute renal failure (%) | 27.8 | 33.0 | 27.1 | 32.0 | 27.8 | 0.202 |
| Trauma, n (%) | 14.3 | 15.8 | 14.9 | 19.7 | 25.3 | 0.001 |
| Hypoalbuminemia | 23.7 | 23.5 | 21.7 | 23.5 | 41.9 | <0.001 |
| Unit | <0.001 | |||||
| MICU, n (%) | 65.8 | 66.8 | 69.7 | 61.2 | 50.4 | |
| SICU, n (%) | 34.2 | 33.2 | 30.3 | 38.8 | 49.6 | |
| Medication Orders | ||||||
| Benzodiazepines | 20.2 | 21.0 | 24.1 | 21.0 | 20.7 | 0.680 |
| Opioids | 67.9 | 72.6 | 71.0 | 77.0 | 79.3 | 0.009 |
n: Unique patient admissions.
*
Any delirium: Patients with delirium at any time during the screening phase (at first assessment or during subsequent screenings in the intensive care unit);.
**
Delirium subtypes were determined based on first positive delirium screening;.
***
ICU-acquired delirium: 1st delirium screening in ICU negative, with subsequent positive CAM-ICU.
****
Time was regarded as a categorical variable with 5 levels (year 2010 to 2014).