Table 1:
Baseline characteristics overall and by acute care use trajectory among individuals with prevalent SLE enrolled in Medicaid, 2000–2010
| Overall Prevalent SLE Cohort | Group 1 (Infrequent acute care use) |
Group 2 (Moderate acute care use) |
Group 3 (Persistently high acute care use) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (% of total) | 40,381 | 25,107 (62.2) | 12,932 (32) | 2,342 (5.8) |
| Mean (SD) age | 40.8 (11.9) | 41.6 (11.9) | 39.5 (11.9) | 38.7 (11.2) |
| Age group -N (%) | ||||
| 18–34 years | 13635 (33.8) | 7854 (31.3) | 4898 (37.9) | 883 (37.7) |
| 35–50 years | 17611 (43.6) | 10982 (43.7) | 5502 (42.6) | 1127 (48.1) |
| 51–65 years | 9135 (22.6) | 6271 (25) | 2532 (19.6) | 332 (14.2) |
| Male - N (%) | 2549 (6.3) | 1707 (6.8) | 747 (5.8) | 95 (4.1) |
| Female - N (%) | 37832 (93.7) | 23400 (93.2) | 12185 (94.2) | 2247 (95.9) |
| Race/ethnicity - N (%) | ||||
| Black | 16374 (40.6) | 9764 (38.9) | 5593 (43.3) | 1017 (43.3) |
| White | 14913 (36.9) | 9353 (37.3) | 4626 (35.8) | 934 (39.9) |
| Asian | 1049 (2.6) | 834 (3.3) | 194 (1.5) | 21 (0.9) |
| Hispanic | 6312 (15.6) | 4088 (16.3) | 1946 (15.1) | 278 (11.9) |
| AI/AN | 407 (1.0) | 250 (1.0) | 137 (1.1) | 20 (0.9) |
| Other | 1326 (3.3) | 818 (3.3) | 436 (3.4) | 72 (3.1) |
| Region - N (%) | ||||
| Midwest | 8011 (19.8) | 5003 (19.9) | 2487 (19.2) | 521 (22.3) |
| Northeast | 8375 (20.7) | 5389 (21.5) | 2622 (20.3) | 364 (15.5) |
| South | 15400 (38.1) | 9144 (36.4) | 5241 (40.5) | 1015 (43.3) |
| West | 8595 (21.3) | 5571 (22.2) | 2582 (20) | 442 (18.9) |
| SLE severity* - N (%) | ||||
| Mild | 18553 (45.9) | 12772 (50.9) | 5078 (39.3) | 703 (30.0) |
| Moderate | 14528 (36) | 8489 (33.8) | 5035 (38.9) | 1004 (42.9) |
| Severe | 7300 (18.1) | 3846 (15.3) | 2819 (21.8) | 635 (27.1) |
| Medication use - N (%) | ||||
| Hydroxychloroquine | 15554 (38.5) | 9883 (39.4) | 4911 (38) | 760 (32.5) |
| Corticosteroids | 19191 (47.5) | 10862 (43.3) | 6985 (54) | 1344 (57.4) |
| Immunosuppressives+ | 7329 (18.2) | 4361 (17.4) | 2556 (19.8) | 412 (17.6) |
| Mean (SD) # of drugs | 2.8 (3.6) | 2.4 (3.3) | 3.5 (3.9) | 4.0 (4.3) |
| Comorbidities - N (%) | ||||
| Chronic pain | 829 (2.1) | 554 (2.2) | 238 (1.8) | 37 (1.6) |
| Depression | 14685 (36.4) | 8037 (32) | 5430 (42) | 1218 (52.0) |
| Cardiovascular disease | 19215 (47.6) | 10926 (43.5) | 6849 (53) | 1440 (61.5) |
| Lupus nephritis | 5283 (13.1) | 2827 (11.3) | 2060 (15.9) | 396 (16.9) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 5660 (14) | 3147 (12.5) | 2006 (15.5) | 507 (21.7) |
| Baseline utilization - mean (SD) | ||||
| ED visits | 1.6 (4.1) | 0.7 (1.9) | 2.3 (4.3) | 6.5 (10.6) |
| Outpatient visits | 6.2 (8.1) | 5.1 (7.2) | 7.9 (8.9) | 9.6 (10.3) |
| Hospitalizations | 0.7 (1.5) | 0.4 (1) | 1 (1.7) | 2.2 (3.4) |
| # of Laboratory tests++ | 4.3 (6.4) | 3.7 (5.5) | 5.1 (7.3) | 6.2 (8.1) |
| Zip Code Median household income - median (IQR) | 41,740 (33,486, 52,557) | 41,836 (33,669, 52,565) | 41,507 (33,127, 52,557) | 40,806 (31,871, 51,628) |
All variables determined from the 12 months prior to the index date (date of 3rd ICD-9 code for SLE).
Mean number of drugs and age determined on the index date.
*
Determined using the Garris ICD-9 and medication-based algorithm for SLE disease severity
+
Includes: rituximab, leflunomide, methotrexate, tacrolimus, sulfasalazine, mycophenolate mofetil, myfortic, azathioprine, cyclosporine, cyclophosphamide
++
Includes dsDNA, BUN, creatinine, urinalysis, C3, C4, ESR, CRP, CBC