Table 1.
Participant characteristics (n=623, nobservations= 1156).
| All participants | Quartiles of residential distance to the nearest flower plantation edge (m)* |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Range | 0–4827m | 0–122m | 123–330m | 331–641m | 642–4827m | P-trend |
| Nobservations | 1156 |
290 |
287 |
290 |
289 |
|
| Age, years | ||||||
| 2008a | 6.6 (1.6) | 6.7 (1.7) | 6.4 (1.5) | 6.8 (1.6) | 6.4 (1.6) | 0.32 |
| Apr 2016b | 14.2 (1.8) | 14.3 (1.8) | 14.1 (1.9) | 14.3 (1.9) | 14.2 (1.8) | 0.35 |
| Jul-Oct 2016c | 14.5 (1.8) | 14.2 (1.8) | 14.4 (1.8) | 14.6 (1.8) | 14.6 (1.7) | 0.54 |
| Gender, male, % | ||||||
| 2008a | 51 | 53 | 56 | 47 | 46 | 0.51 |
| Apr 2016b | 50 | 50 | 49 | 49 | 53 | 0.58 |
| Jul-Oct 2016c | 49 | 43 | 49 | 50 | 55 | 0.26 |
| Parental education, years | ||||||
| 2008a | 7.5 (3.7) | 6.6 (3.6) | 8.0 (3.4) | 8.1 (4.0) | 6.4 (3.4) | 0.06 |
| Apr 2016b | 8.1 (3.6) | 8.2 (3.5) | 8.2 (4.0) | 8.8 (3.7) | 7.4 (2.9) | 0.03 |
| Jul-Oct 2016c | 8.1 (3.5) | 8.2 (3.4) | 8.0 (3.6) | 8.6 (3.8) | 7.7 (3.0) | 0.34 |
| Lived with flower worker, % | ||||||
| 2008a | 49 | 51 | 54 | 45 | 48 | 0.44 |
| Apr 2016b | 47 | 41 | 44 | 58 | 46 | 0.96 |
| Jul-Oct 2016c | 49 | 46 | 46 | 59 | 48 | 0.93 |
| Pesticide use within the residential property, %** | ||||||
| 2008a | 14 | 5 | 11 | 16 | 22 | 0.10 |
| Apr 2016b | 21 | 15 | 28 | 20 | 24 | 0.83 |
| Jul-Oct 2016c | 20 | 13 | 22 | 18 | 29 | <0.01 |
| Neighbor use of pesticides on their property*** | ||||||
| 2008a | 29 | 23 | 30 | 23 | 39 | 0.04 |
| Apr 2016b | 57 | 46 | 64 | 48 | 72 | 0.10 |
| Jul-Oct 2016c | 53 | 52 | 51 | 41 | 68 | 0.04 |
| Examination date**** | ||||||
| 2008a | 85.0 (10.9) | 85.8 (9.0) | 84.3 (7.5) | 88.1 (9.2) | 81.1 (15.9) | <0.01 |
| Apr 2016b | −12.3 (5.5) | −11.8 (5.6) | −12.0 (4.9) | −10.1 (6.0) | −14.9 (4.2) | 0.07 |
| Jul-Oct 2016c | 102.7 (18.7) | 102.5 (18.7) | 97.4 (14.4) | 104.6 (22.8) | 105.9 (17.3) | 0.22 |
| Height-for-age Z-score, SD | ||||||
| 2008a | −1.25 (0.98) | −1.21 (0.99) | −1.38 (0.98) | −1.31 (0.95) | −1.01 (1.01) | 0.20 |
| Apr 2016b | −1.59 (0.95) | −1.50 (0.99) | −1.62 (0.87) | −1.66 (0.89) | −1.58 (1.02) | 0.55 |
| Jul-Oct 2016c | −1.49 (0.93) | −1.40 (0.92) | −1.50 (0.93) | −1.51 (0.84) | −1.55 (1.02) | 0.23 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | ||||||
| 2008a | 12.6 (1.2) | 12.7 (1.1) | 12.6 (1.1) | 12.9 (1.2) | 12.3 (1.2) | 0.01 |
| Apr 2016b | 13.0 (1.3) | 13.1 (1.2) | 12.9 (1.1) | 12.9 (1.3) | 13.1 (1.5) | 0.70 |
| Jul-Oct 2016c | 13.0 (1.2) | 12.9 (1.0) | 13.0 (1.3) | 13.0 (1.2) | 12.9 (1.2) | 0.81 |
| Crop areas within quartiles of distances from homes (m)***** | ||||||
| 0–150ma, (n=60) | 989 (492, 3014) | 1809 (785, 4458) | 261 (43.4, 879.) | - | - | - |
| 0–150mb, (n=105) | 3496 (1495, 9915) | 4377 (2007, 13626) | 633 (300, 645) | - | - | - |
| 0–150mc, (n=96) | 3496 (1468, 9915) | 4149 (2039, 10958) | 633 (300, 645) | - | - | - |
| 151–300ma, (n=127) | 3617 (1121,10620) | 4650 (600, 20826) | 3554 (1232, 5982) | - | - | - |
| 151–300mb, (n=158) | 8421 (2654, 42492) | 21910 (2762, 67942) | 5972 (2353, 16797) | - | - | - |
| 151–300mc, (n=145) | 8480 (2847, 42492) | 24815 (2654, 67892) | 6325 (2847, 17971) | - | - | - |
| 301–500ma, (n=180) | 6965 (2107, 223912) | 18119 (6716, 56582) | 7116 (3357, 23744) | 25612 (592, 7246) | - | - |
| 301–500mb, (n=184) | 20592 (7884, 912223) | 91223 (16521, 190586) | 15148 (7116, 55150) | 10254 (2196, 16840) | - | - |
| 301–500mc, (n=171) | 21425 (7922, 91223) | 91223 (18300,188636) | 19759 (7845, 55150) | 10254 (2196,16840) | - | - |
Values are mean (SD), percent or median (25th–75th percentile).
*
Quartile cut-offs based on the pooled values for all exam periods.
**
Proportion calculations exclude 58 (5%) participants who did not know if they used pesticides at home or had missing values.
***
Proportion calculations exclude 152 (13%) participants who did not know if their neighbors used pesticides for agricultural purposes or had missing values.
****
Days after the Mother’s Day flower harvest (end of a peak pesticide spray period).
*****
Among participants with non-zero crop area values
a
Summer examination in 2008 N= 311
b
April examination in 2016 N= 319
c
July-October examination in 2016 N= 529