Table 1.
Number of ECHO cohorts with neurodevelopmental assessments and existing maternal prenatal or child delivery chemical assays, n (%)a
| Neurodevelopmental Assessment | Nb | OPs | Pyrethroids | OCPs | Herbicides and fungicides |
PCBs | PBDEs | Environmental phenols |
Phthalates | PFASs | Perchlorate and other anions |
PAHs | Metals or metalloids |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ASD-related phenotype | |||||||||||||
| ASD clinical diagnosisc | 21 | 2 (9.5) | 1 (4.8) | 2 (9.5) | 0 | 3 (14.3) | 3 (14.3) | 4 (19.0) | 4 (19.0) | 2 (9.5) | 0 | 1 (4.8) | 4 (19.0) |
| Social Responsiveness Scale | 15 | 2 (13.3) | 2 (13.3) | 2 (13.3) | 0 | 3 (20.0) | 3 (20.0) | 2 (13.3) | 4 (26.7) | 0 | 2 (13.3) | 2 (13.3) | 2 (13.3) |
| Attention disorders-related phenotype | |||||||||||||
| ADHD clinical diagnosisc | 22 | 2 (9.1) | 1 (4.5) | 1 (4.5) | 0 | 2 (9.1) | 2 (9.1) | 3 (13.6) | 3 (13.6) | 2 (9.1) | 0 | 1 (4.5) | 4 (18.2) |
| CBRS | 5 | 1 (20.0) | 1 (20.0) | 1 (20.0) | 0 | 1 (20.0) | 1 (20.0) | 1 (20.0) | 1 (20.0) | 0 | 1 (20.0) | 1 (20.0) | 2 (40.0) |
| Continuous performance test | 4 | 1 (25.0) | 1 (25.0) | 1 (25.0) | 0 | 1 (25.0) | 1 (25.0) | 1 (25.0) | 1 (25.0) | 0 | 1 (25.0) | 1 (25.0) | 2 (50.0) |
| Brain magnetic resonance imaging | 17 | 2 (11.8) | 1 (5.9) | 1 (5.9) | 0 | 1 (5.9) | 1 (5.9) | 4 (23.5) | 3 (17.6) | 1 (5.9) | 1 (5.9) | 2 (11.8) | 1 (5.9) |
| Infant/toddler development | |||||||||||||
| BSID | 18 | 3 (16.7) | 2 (11.1) | 4 (22.2) | 1 (5.6) | 4 (22.2) | 4 (22.2) | 3 (16.7) | 3 (16.7) | 3 (16.7) | 1 (5.6) | 3 (16.7) | 3 (16.7) |
| Other developmental assessment | 27 | 3 (11.1) | 2 (7.4) | 5 (18.5) | 1 (3.7) | 5 (18.5) | 5 (18.5) | 8 (29.6) | 8 (29.6) | 4 (14.8) | 1 (3.7) | 4 (14.8) | 5 (18.5) |
| Intelligence quotient | |||||||||||||
| WISC or WPPSI | 13 | 1 (7.7) | 1 (7.7) | 1 (7.7) | 0 | 1 (7.7) | 1 (7.7) | 2 (15.4) | 2 (15.4) | 1 (7.7) | 2 (15.4) | 1 (7.7) | 2 (15.4) |
| Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test | 4 | 1 (25.0) | 0 | 1 (25.0) | 0 | 1 (25.0) | 1 (25.0) | 1 (25.0) | 1 (25.0) | 2 (50.0) | 0 | 0 | 2 (50.0) |
| Language development | |||||||||||||
| MacArthur-Bates CDI | 12 | 1 (8.3) | 0 | 2 (16.7) | 0 | 2 (16.7) | 3 (25.0) | 3 (25.0) | 3 (25.0) | 2 (16.7) | 0 | 1 (8.3) | 1 (8.3) |
| Preschool language test | 13 | 2 (15.4) | 1 (7.7) | 2 (15.4) | 0 | 2 (15.4) | 3 (23.1) | 3 (23.1) | 3 (23.1) | 2 (15.4) | 1 (7.7) | 1 (7.7) | 2 (15.4) |
| Speech and language assessment scale | 18 | 2 (11.1) | 1 (5.6) | 2 (11.1) | 0 | 2 (11.1) | 3 (16.7) | 4 (22.2) | 4 (22.2) | 3 (16.7) | 1 (5.6) | 1 (5.6) | 3 (16.7) |
| Externalizing/internalizing behavior scoring | |||||||||||||
| Child Behavior Checklist | 26 | 3 (11.5) | 2 (7.7) | 3 (11.5) | 0 | 4 (15.4) | 4 (15.4) | 5 (19.2) | 6 (23.1) | 2 (7.7) | 2 (7.7) | 3 (11.5) | 4 (15.4) |
| BASC | 9 | 1 (11.1) | 1 (11.1) | 1 (11.1) | 0 | 1 (11.1) | 2 (22.2) | 1 (11.1) | 2 (22.2) | 1 (11.1) | 1 (11.1) | 1 (11.1) | 3 (33.3) |
| Depression scale (any) | 14 | 1 (7.1) | 1 (7.1) | 1 (7.1) | 0 | 1 (7.1) | 1 (7.1) | 1 (7.1) | 2 (14.3) | 1 (7.1) | 1 (7.1) | 2 (14.3) | 4 (28.6) |
| Child Depression Inventory | 8 | 1 (12.5) | 1 (12.5) | 1 (12.5) | 0 | 1 (12.5) | 1 (12.5) | 1 (12.5) | 1 (12.5) | 0 | 1 (12.5) | 1 (12.5) | 2 (25.0) |
| Executive function test | |||||||||||||
| BRIEF | 18 | 1 (5.6) | 1 (5.6) | 1 (5.6) | 0 | 1 (5.6) | 2 (11.1) | 3 (16.7) | 3 (16.7) | 3 (16.7) | 1 (5.6) | 2 (11.1) | 3 (16.7) |
| Gross motor development (any) | 34 | 4 (11.8) | 3 (8.8) | 4 (11.8) | 1 (2.9) | 5 (14.7) | 5 (14.7) | 6 (17.6) | 6 (17.6) | 4 (11.8) | 1 (2.9) | 4 (11.8) | 7 (20.6) |
| Fine motor skills (any) | 21 | 2 (9.5) | 2 (9.5) | 3 (14.3) | 1 (4.8) | 3 (14.3) | 4 (19.0) | 4 (19.0) | 4 (19.0) | 4 (19.0) | 1 (4.8) | 4 (19.0) | 6 (28.6) |
| Pegboard | 9 | 1 (11.1) | 1 (11.1) | 1 (11.1) | 0 | 1 (11.1) | 1 (11.1) | 2 (22.2) | 2 (22.2) | 2 (22.2) | 1 (11.1) | 2 (22.2) | 2 (22.2) |
ADHD, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder; ASD, autism spectrum disorder; BASC, Behavior Assessment System for Children; BSID, Bayley Scales of Infant Development; BRIEF, Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function; CBRS, Conners Comprehensive Behavior Rating Scales; CDI, Communicative Development Inventories; OCPs, organochlorine pesticides; OPs, organophosphorus insecticides; PAHs, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; PBDEs, polybrominated diphenyl ethers; PCBs, polychlorinated biphenyls; PFASs, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances; WISC, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children; WPPSI, Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence.
Number (%) of ECHO cohorts with the specified chemical assay among those with the neurodevelopmental assessment at any life stage.
Number of ECHO cohorts with the neurodevelopmental assessment at any life stage.
Diagnosis based on clinician assessment or parent report of a clinical diagnosis.