Table 1.
Characteristics of the studied Earlybird cohort.
| Age (years) | Boys | Girls | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L−1) | 5 | 4.3 ± 0.4 | 4.4 ± 0.4 |
| 6 | 4.5 ± 0.4 | 4.4 ± 0.3 | |
| 7 | 4.6 ± 0.5 | 4.6 ± 0.4 | |
| 8 | 4.8 ± 0.3 | 4.7 ± 0.4 | |
| 9 | 4.8 ± 0.5 | 4.9 ± 0.3 | |
| 10 | 4.9 ± 0.3 | 4.8 ± 0.3 | |
| 11 | 4.8 ± 0.4 | 4.8 ± 0.3 | |
| 12 | 4.9 ± 0.4 | 5.1 ± 0.4 | |
| 13 | 5.2 ± 0.3 | 5.1 ± 0.4 | |
| 14 | 5.2 ± 0.3 | 5.2 ± 0.5 | |
| 15 | 5.2 ± 0.3 | 5.2 ± 0.4 | |
| 16 | 5.2 ± 0.3 | 5.0 ± 0.4 | |
| HOMA-IR | 5 | 0.6 ± 0.49 | 0.81 ± 0.37 |
| 6 | 0.48 ± 0.44 | 0.63 ± 0.41 | |
| 7 | 0.37 ± 0.23 | 0.46 ± 0.20 | |
| 8 | 0.44 ± 0.26 | 0.60 ± 0.44 | |
| 9 | 0.59 ± 0.39 | 0.89 ± 0.49 | |
| 10 | 0.88 ± 0.41 | 1.15 ± 0.71 | |
| 11 | 0.85 ± 0.54 | 1.19 ± 0.70 | |
| 12 | 0.96 ± 0.56 | 1.89 ± 1.30 | |
| 13 | 1.10 ± 0.57 | 1.61 ± 1.00 | |
| 14 | 1.15 ± 0.68 | 1.57 ± 0.97 | |
| 15 | 0.93 ± 0.56 | 1.45 ± 1.54 | |
| 16 | 0.83 ± 0.64 | 0.96 ± 0.84 | |
| Fasting insulin (mU/L−1) | 5 | 4.3 ± 3.5 | 5.7 ± 2.6 |
| 6 | 3.4 ± 3.2 | 4.4 ± 2.9 | |
| 7 | 2.6 ± 1.5 | 3.2 ± 1.3 | |
| 8 | 3.0 ± 1.7 | 4.1 ± 3.0 | |
| 9 | 4.1 ± 2.7 | 6.1 ± 3.4 | |
| 10 | 6.0 ± 2.9 | 8.0 ± 5.1 | |
| 11 | 5.8 ± 3.8 | 8.3 ± 4.9 | |
| 12 | 6.6 ± 3.9 | 13.1 ± 9.2 | |
| 13 | 7.4 ± 4.0 | 11 ± 6.9 | |
| 14 | 7.7 ± 4.7 | 10.7 ± 6.6 | |
| 15 | 6.3 ± 3.7 | 9.9 ± 10.9 | |
| 16 | 5.6 ± 4.4 | 6.6 ± 5.9 | |
| BMI Z-scores | 5 | 0.22 ± 1.1 | 0.3 ± 1.23 |
| 6 | 0.19 ± 0.99 | 0.58 ± 0.96 | |
| 7 | 0.23 ± 1.06 | 0.64 ± 0.93 | |
| 8 | 0.2 ± 0.92 | 0.46 ± 1.04 | |
| 9 | 0.33 ± 1.05 | 0.57 ± 0.98 | |
| 10 | 0.33 ± 1.04 | 0.72 ± 1.11 | |
| 11 | 0.33 ± 1.11 | 0.66 ± 1.16 | |
| 12 | 0.37 ± 1.16 | 0.75 ± 1.16 | |
| 13 | 0.49 ± 1.21 | 0.86 ± 1.21 | |
| 14 | 0.33 ± 1.16 | 0.86 ± 1.17 | |
| 15 | 0.37 ± 1.12 | 0.89 ± 1.25 | |
| 16 | 0.51 ± 1.13 | 0.87 ± 1.14 | |
| Moderate-vigorous physical activity (min/day) | 5 | 55.1 ± 19.9 | 46.2 ± 26.6 |
| 6 | 61.9 ± 23.6 | 54.8 ± 17.5 | |
| 7 | 63 ± 24.1 | 52.6 ± 17.2 | |
| 8 | 61.3 ± 23.1 | 46.7 ± 15 | |
| 9 | 60.9 ± 23.9 | 40.8 ± 17.3 | |
| 10 | 59.1 ± 26.5 | 37.2 ± 14.7 | |
| 11 | 57.3 ± 27.4 | 34.3 ± 20.2 | |
| 12 | 59.6 ± 27.5 | 35.2 ± 19.6 | |
| 13 | 55.1 ± 23.9 | 36.4 ± 22.2 | |
| 14 | 49.5 ± 26.6 | 40.6 ± 30.4 | |
| 15 | 48.3 ± 23.6 | 31.6 ± 18.1 | |
| 16 | 44.5 ± 23.7 | 32.1 ± 22.9 | |
| Respiratory exchange ratio | 5 | 0.89 ± 0.09 | 0.92 ± 0.06 |
| 6 | 0.88 ± 0.08 | 0.88 ± 0.09 | |
| 7 | 0.90 ± 0.06 | 0.92 ± 0.08 | |
| 8 | 0.97 ± 0.09 | 0.99 ± 0.09 | |
| 9 | 0.95 ± 0.1 | 0.96 ± 0.14 | |
| 10 | 0.95 ± 0.1 | 0.93 ± 0.1 | |
| 11 | 1.01 ± 0.07 | 1.01 ± 0.07 | |
| 12 | 0.99 ± 0.06 | 1.00 ± 0.07 | |
| 13 | 1.00 ± 0.07 | 1.02 ± 0.09 | |
| 14 | 0.96 ± 0.08 | 0.96 ± 0.09 | |
| 15 | 0.95 ± 0.3 | 0.93 ± 0.09 | |
| 16 | 0.95 ± 0.15 | 0.95 ± 0.09 | |
| Age at peak height velocity (years) | 13.0 (12.8–13.4) | 11.6 (10.8–12.3) |
Age at peak height is reported as median with interquartile range, and other data are reported as mean +/- standard deviation.