Table 3.

Other proteins affected by ceftriaxone

Reference(s)	Model	Species/strain	Brain region (s)	Effect of ceftriaxone on other proteins
Lee et al., 2008	Cell culture	PHFA	n/a	No effects of 10 μM (2 days) on GLAST
Lewerenz et al., 2009	Cell culture	HT22 cells	n/a	300 μM (7 days) increases GLAST and EAAT3 mRNA
Benkler et al., 2013	Cell culture	Primary mouse cortical astrocytes	n/a	10 μM (24 hrs) increases GLAST mRNA and protein expression
Rothstein et al., 2005	Healthy rats	Unspecified	Hippocampus, spinal cord	GLAST, EAAT3, EAAT4: no change after 200 mg/kg
Hefendehl et al, 2016	APPPS1	APPPS1 mice	Somatosensory cortex and primary visual cortex	GFAP: no change after 200 mg/kg
Zumkehr et al, 2015	3xTg-AD	3xTg-AD mice	Hippocampus	No: Amyloid precursor protein (APP), C99, C83 after 200 mg/kg ↓ Insoluble tau proteins after 200 mg/kg
Tikhonova et al, 2018	OXYS	OXYS rats	Hypothalamus, frontal cortex, striatum, amygdala	↑ Bace1 (hypothalamus), Ace2 (hypothalamus), Aktb (frontal cortex), mRNA levels after 100 mg/kg ↓ Ece1 (dorsal striatum), Ide (amygdala), Mme (amygdala), Aktb (striatum), Epo (amygdala) mRNA levels after 100 mg/kg
Bisht et al, 2014	MPTP	Male Wistar rats	Striatum, cortex	↓ TNF-α and IL-β after 100–200 mg/kg for 14 days
Ho et al, 2014; Huang et al 2015	MPTP	Male Wistar rats	Striatum, cortex	↑ TH after 5–200 mg/kg for 14–15 days
Chotibut et al, 2014	6-OHDA	Male Sprague Dawley rats	Dorsal striatum	No: GLAST ↑ TH after 200 mg/kg for 8 days
Leung et al, 2012	6-OHDA	Female Sprague Dawley rats	SNpc	↑ TH after 200 mg/kg for 8 days
Zhang et al, 2015	MPP+ in vitro model	Primary cortical astrocytes	n/a	↑ GFAP after 100 μM
Alta§ et al., 2013	Short-term global cerebral ischemia	Male Wistar rats	Brain tissues	↓ MDA levels after 100 mg/kg/once; ↑ SOD and GPx activity after 100 mg/kg for 1 day
Mimura et al., 2011	Hypoxic ischemia (postnatal day 7)	Sprague Dawleyrats	Ischemic hemisphere	GLAST: no change after 200 mg/kg for 5 days ↑ MAP-2 positive area; 200 mg/kg for 5 days ↓ TUNEL positive cells; 200 mg/kg for 5 days
Lai et al., 2011	Perinatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy	Pregnant female Sprague Dawley rats	Hipp	↓ TUNEL positive cells: 100, 200 mg/kg for 3 days
Chang et al., 2013	Hypoxic ischemia	Sprague Dawley rat pups	Frontal cortex, Hipp, striatum	No: GLAST, 200 mg/kg for 3 days (postnatal days 1–3)
Verma et al., 2010	Cerebral ischemia (MCAO)	Male Sprague-Dawley rats	cortex	↑ Glutamine synthetase; 100 mg/kg for 5 days
Thone-Reineke et al., 2008	Cerebral ischemia (MCAO)	Male Wistar rats	Periinfarct zone	↑ BDNF, TrkB, NT3, but notIl-6, 200 mg/kg, 90 min after MCAO
Chu et al., 2007	Cerebral ischemia (MCAO)	Male Sprague-Dawley rats	Ischemic hemisphere	↓ TNF-α, FasL, MMP-9, activated caspase-9, 200 mg/kg for 5 days
Uyanikgil et al., 2016	PTZ-induced convulsion	Male Sprague-Dawley rats	Brain tissues	↓ MDA levels after 200 and 400 mg/kg 60 min prior to PTZ; ↑ SOD activity after 200 and 400 mg/kg 60 min prior to PTZ
Soni et al., 2015	PTZ-induced convulsion	Male Wistar rats	Cortex and subcortical region	Cef every other day for 27 days (14 injections): ↓ MDA levels 100 and 200 mg/kg ↑ nitrate levels after 100 and 200 mg/kg; ↑ glutathione levels after 100 and 200 mg/kg
Hussein et al., 2016	PTZ-induced kindling	Male Sprague-Dawley rats	Hipp	↓ MDA levels after 200 mg/kg; ↑ catalase activity after 200 mg/kg; ↑ glutathione levels after 200 mg/kg
Huff et al., 2016	Kainic acid-induced seizures	Male Sprague-Dawley rats	Hipp	↑ GAD 67-IR neurons after 200 mg/kg for 7 days
Goodrich et al., 2013	Seizure (LFPI)	Male Long-Evans rats	Cortex	↓ GFAP levels after 200 mg/kg for 7 days
Bechard et al., 2018; Lacrosse et al., 2017	Cocaine relapse	Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats	NA core	↓ GluA1 after 200 mg/kg for 5–7 days
Bechard et al., 2018	Cocaine relapse	Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats	NA core	↓ mGlu5 in female rats only
Niedzielska-Andres et al., 2019	Cocaine CPP	Male Wistar rats	Hippocampus, PFC, NA core, dorsal striatum	No change in Nrf2 after 7 days of 200 mg/kg
Niedzielska-Andres et al., 2019	Cocaine CPP	Male Wistar rats	Hippocampus, dorsal striatum, PFC, NA core	NF-κB : ↑ in hippocampus & dorsal striatum, ↓ in PFC, no change in NA after 7 days of 200 mg/kg
Althobaiti et al., 2016; Alshehri et al., 2017	Non-contingent METH	Male Wistar rats	NA and mPFC	GLAST: no change after 200 mg/kg for 2 days
Alhaddad et al., 2014;	Alcohol consumption	Male P rats	NA core; PFC	GLAST: no change after 100 mg/kg
Alshehri et al., 2018	Hydrocodone CPP	Male P rats	NA, Hipp, PFC, amygdala	GLAST: no change after 200 mg/kg
Dodman et al., 2015	Ketamine CPP	Male C57BL/6Hsd mice	Hipp	↓ GFAP after 200 mg/kg

Abbreviations: APP- amyloid precursor protein, BDNF- brain derived neurotrophic factor, CPP- conditioned place preference, GAD- glutamic acid decarboxylase, GFAP- glial fibrillary acid protein, GLAST- glutamate aspartate transporter 1, GPx- glutathione peroxidase, Hipp- hippocampus, 6-OHDA- 6- hydroxydopamine, Il-6- interleukin 6, LFPI- lateral fluid percussion injury, MAP-2- microtubule-associated protein 2, MCAO- middle cerebral artery occlusion, MDA- malondialdehyde, METH- methamphetamine, MMP-9- matrix metalloproteinase 9, mPFC- medial prefrontal cortex, MPP⁺- 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium, MPTP- 1-methyl-4phenyl-1,2,3,6 tetrahydropyridine, n/a- not applicable, NA- nucleus accumbens, NF-κB- nuclear factor kappaB, NT3- neurotrophin 3, Nrf2- nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, OGD- oxygen glucose deprivation, PFC- prefrontal cortex, PTZ- pentylenetetrazole, SOD- superoxide dismutase, TNF- α- tumor necrosis factor-α, TrkB- tyrosine receptor kinase B, TUNEL- transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling,