TABLE 1.

Immunosuppressive cargo of EVs in lung cancer.

Cargo	EV types	Modifications or treatments	Mechanisms	Functions in immunity	References
NA	TEXs	\	IL-6/STAT3∧	Inhibiting the maturation of DCs	(19)
NA	TEXs	\	NA	Inducing Treg cells	(19)
NA	TEXs	\	NA	Decreasing c-c/c-x-c chemokine receptor on DCs	(19)
NA	TEXs	\	NA	Upregulating immunosuppressive molecules on DCs	(19)
NA	TEXs	\	NA	Downregulating immunostimulatory molecules on DCs	(19)
PD-L1	TEXs	\	PD-L1/PD-1	Inducing anergy or apoptosis of T cells	(20)
HSP72/HSP70	TEXs	\	TLR2/MyD88/IL-6/STAT3	Activating immunosuppressive function of MDSCs	(21)
Non-coding RNAs	TMPs	UV-irradiation	TLR3/IL-1β	Increasing secretion of IL-1β from M2 type macrophages and promoting tumor progression	(47)
DNAs∧	TMPs	UV-irradiation	cGAS/STING/TBK1/STAT6	Inducing M2 polarization of macrophages	(78)
U1snRNA	TMPs	\	TLR3	Inducing tumor-promoting inflammation	(22)
FasL	LMPs	Activation	APO2L/TRAIL; Fas/FasL	Inducing death of T cell; Inducing apoptosis of DCs	(81, 82) (23)

NA, not available; ^∧, uncertain; \, none; EVs, extracellular vesicles; TEXs, Lung cancer-derived exosomes; IL-6, interleukin-6; STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; DCs, dendritic cells; Treg cells, regulatory T-cells; PD-1, programmed death-1; PD-L1, programmed death-ligand 1; HSP72/HSP70, Heat Shock Proteins 70/72; TLR2, toll-like receptor 2; MyD88, myeloid differentiation factor 88; MDSCs, Myeloid-derived suppressor cells; TMPs, lung tumor-derived microparticles; UV, ultraviolet; TLR3, toll-like receptors 3; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; cGAS, Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase; STING, stimulator of interferon gene; FasL, Fas ligand; LMPs, T lymphocytes-derived microparticles; APO2L, Apoptosis ligand 2; TRAIL, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand.