TABLE 2.

Immunostimulatory cargo of EVs in lung cancer.

Cargo	EV types	Modifications or treatments	Mechanisms	Functions in immunity	References
CCL2-5, CCL20	TEXs	Heat treatment	CCL/CCR	Recruiting and stimulating CD11c+DC and CD4+/CD8+ T-cells	(25)
CD54, CD86	TEXs	Heat treatment	NA	Adhering to DCs	(25)
MHCI/II	TEXs	Heat treatment	NA	Antigen presentation	(25)
NA	TEXs	Rab27a overexpression	NA	Inducing maturation of DCs	(26)
CD40L	TEXs	CD40L-engineering	CD40/CD40L	Inducing maturation of DCs	(49)
Her2/neu, CEA, WT1, MAGE2, and survivin peptides	Lung tumor-derived apoptotic bodies	MAGE-engineering and UV-irradiation	NA	Presenting antigens to DCs and stimulating DCs maturation	(28)
MAGE peptides	DEXs	DEX incubated with MAGE peptides	pMHCII costimulatory molecules/TLR	Antigens cross-presentation among DCs, NK cell activation	(29)
Certain carcinoembryonic antigens	ESEXs	GM-CSF engineering	NA	Inducing antigen-specific antitumor immune response	(31)
MTX	LMPs	MTX-incorporation and UV-irradiation	NA	Inducing immunogenic death of lung cancer cells	(6)

NA, not available; CCL, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand; CCR, C-C motif chemokine receptor; MHCI/II, major histocompatibility complex I/II; Her2/neu, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2; CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen; WT1, Wilms’ tumor gene 1; MAGE, melanoma antigen gene; pMHCII, peptide-MHCII; BAG6, BCL2-associated athanogene 6; NKp30, natural killer (NK) cell receptor; ESEXs, exosomes from embryonic stem cells; GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; MTX, methotrexate.