Table 2.

Incidence rate ratios (IRR) for the association between perceived social isolation and social disconnectedness and the rate of falls.

	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4
	IRR (95% CI)	IRR (95% CI)	IRR (95% CI)	IRR (95% CI)
Perceived isolation
No perceived isolation	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Either no perceived support or felt lonely	1.21 (1.11–1.31)		1.20 (1.11–1.30)	1.08 (1.00–1.17)
Both no perceived support and felt lonely	1.36 (1.14–1.63)		1.33 (1.11–1.58)	1.04 (0.87–1.25)
Social disconnectedness index		1.05 (1.01–1.09)	1.03 (0.99–1.07)	1.02 (0.98–1.06)
CESD scale				1.13 (1.11–1.16)

Source: 2006–2012 Health and Retirement Study. Model 1: perceived isolation and the covariates. Model 2: social disconnectedness and the covariates. Model 3: both types of social isolation and the covariates. Model 4: both types of social isolation, depression and the covariates.

IRR, incidence rate ratio; CI, confident interval; depression scale, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD) without feeling loneliness variable (range = 0–7); covariates, age, gender, race, education, alcohol consumption, and co-morbidities.