Table 2.
County-level Characteristics Associated With Availability of Opioid Use Disorder Treatment Facilities That Provide or Allow Medications, Multivariable Analyses (n=3,142)
| Characteristic | Any program | Programs for veterans | Programs for pregnant and postpartum women | Programs that accept adolescents |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adjusted RR (95% CI)a | Adjusted RR (95% CI)a | Adjusted RR (95% CI)a | Adjusted RR (95% CI)a | |
| % male | 1.00 (1.00, 1.01)** | 0.99 (0.99, 1.00)* | 0.99 (0.95, 1.04) | 1.01 (0.95, 1.07) |
| Age distribution, years | ||||
| % age 0–19 | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| % age 20–24 | 0.87 (0.79, 0.96)** | 0.89 (0.69, 1.15) | 1.03 (0.90, 1.18) | 1.02 (0.86, 1.22) |
| % age 25–44 | 1.01 (0.99, 1.03) | 1.04 (0.99, 1.08) | 1.01 (0.98, 1.04) | 0.96 (0.94, 0.99)** |
| % age 45–64 | 1.02 (0.98, 1.06) | 1.05 (0.96, 1.15) | 1.03 (0.98, 1.08) | 1.04 (1.00, 1.07)* |
| % age ≥65 | 0.97 (0.94, 0.99)** | 0.98 (0.93, 1.04) | 1.01 (0.96, 1.05) | 0.99 (0.96, 1.03) |
| % non-Hispanic white | 1.00 (1.00, 1.01) | 0.99 (0.98, 1.00)* | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) |
| % unemployed | 1.00 (0.98, 1.01) | 1.00 (0.98, 1.02) | 0.99 (0.99, 1.01) | 0.99 (0.98, 1.01) |
| % living in poverty | 1.01 (0.99, 1.02) | 1.03 (1.01, 1.06)** | 1.03 (1.01, 1.05)** | 1.02 (1.01, 1.04)** |
| % uninsured | 0.98 (0.96, 1.01) | 1.00 (0.97, 1.02) | 0.98 (0.96, 1.02) | 0.98 (0.96, 1.01) |
| % with public health insurance | 1.02 (1.00, 1.03) | 1.00 (0.97, 1.02) | 1.02 (1.00, 1.04) | 1.01 (0.99, 1.02) |
| U.S. Census Bureau division | ||||
| New England | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Middle Atlantic | 0.69 (0.58, 0.83)*** | 0.70 (0.48, 1.01) | 0.57 (0.47, 0.70)*** | 1.52 (1.13, 2.04)** |
| East North Central | 0.57 (0.45, 0.72)*** | 0.36 (0.24, 0.52)*** | 0.36 (0.30, 0.44)*** | 0.91 (0.64, 1.31) |
| West North Central | 0.77 (0.54, 1.11) | 0.56 (0.33, 0.94)* | 0.63 (0.40, 0.99)* | 1.39 (0.90, 2.14) |
| South Atlantic | 0.58 (0.35, 0.96)* | 0.34 (0.18, 0.64)*** | 0.55 (0.36, 0.85)** | 0.84 (0.48, 1.44) |
| East South Central | 0.53 (0.33, 0.84)** | 0.34 (0.16, 0.72)** | 0.41 (0.26, 0.63)*** | 0.86 (0.48, 1.54) |
| West South Central | 0.37 (0.25, 0.55)*** | 0.20 (0.09, 0.42)*** | 0.29 (0.20, 0.43)*** | 0.64 (0.40, 1.02) |
| Mountain | 0.75 (0.48, 1.18) | 0.69 (0.46, 1.03) | 0.60 (0.41, 0.87)** | 1.43 (1.02, 2.00)* |
| Pacific | 0.59 (0.41, 0.84)** | 0.46 (0.35, 0.61)*** | 0.58 (0.46, 0.73)*** | 0.89 (0.51, 1.56) |
| Rural/Urban classification | ||||
| Large central metro | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Large fringe metro | 0.95 (0.74, 1.21) | 0.84 (0.60, 1.19) | 0.88 (0.73, 1.05) | 1.18 (0.96, 1.45) |
| Medium metro | 1.06 (0.87, 1.28) | 0.93 (0.72, 1.20) | 1.04 (0.88, 1.23) | 1.32 (1.10, 1.59)** |
| Small metro | 1.10 (0.90, 1.34) | 0.93 (0.71, 1.23) | 1.19 (0.96, 1.47) | 1.70 (1.44, 2.00)*** |
| Micropolitan | 1.25 (1.00, 1.56) | 1.02 (0.73, 1.42) | 1.17 (0.94, 1.46) | 2.09 (1.67, 2.62)*** |
| Noncore | 1.24 (0.91, 1.68) | 0.85 (0.61, 1.19) | 1.08 (0.82, 1.43) | 2.13 (1.68, 2.71)*** |
| Medically underserved area | 0.95 (0.81, 1.13) | 0.90 (0.67, 1.22) | 0.88 (0.75, 1.04) | 0.94 (0.69, 1.28) |
| Opioid prescriptions rate per 100b | 1.00 (1.00, 1.01) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.01) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.01) | 1.00 (0.99 1.00) |
| Opioid overdose rate per 100,000c | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00)* | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00)* | 1.00 (1.00, 1.01)*** | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) |
a
Boldface indicates statistical significance (*p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001). Analyses are adjusted for all variables listed in the table.
b
180 counties excluded from analyses due to missing data.
c
Mean rate for the period 2014–2016.