Table 4:
Molecular Effects of EE and Stress Interaction
| Target | Hippocampus | Prefrontal Cortex | Amygdala | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neurotrophins | EE block stress-induced decreases in BDNF | 50,63,64,66,68,168,267 | ||
| EE block stress-induced decreases in BDNF | 63,180 | |||
| EE block stress-induced increases in BDNF | 63,129 | |||
| EE block stress-induced decreases in VEGF, NGF, NT-3, IGF-1, GDNF | 50,63,171,172,66,79,113,115,121,163,165,170 | |||
| EE block stress-induced decreases in VEGF and IGF-1 | 63,181 | |||
| EE cannot block stress-induced increases in VEGF and NGF | 63 | |||
| Hormones | EE block stress-induced decreases in GR expression and translocation | 63,186,187 | ||
| EE ↑ GR response to stress | 53 | |||
| EE ↓ CORT response to stress | 192 | |||
| EE ↑ IL control over HPA axis | 51,193 | |||
| EE block stress-induced increases in GR expression and translocation | 194 | |||
| EE ↑ NPY response to stress | 184,190,191 | |||
| EE ↑ NPY response to stress | 191 | |||
| EE block stress-induced increases in CRH receptors | 191,195 | |||
| Neurotransmitters | EE alters 5-HT and NE response to stress | 69,199–201,227 | ||
| EE ↑ 5-HT response to stress | 184 | |||
| EE blunt DA and ACh release during stress | 192,205,206 | |||
| Immune Markers | EE and EX blunt stress-induced increases IL-1β, TNFα, IL-6, IL-1Rα, CCL2, CCL3, CXCL12 | 4,93,99,208,209 | ||
| EE block stress-induced increases of IL-1β | 180 | |||
| Intracellular Signaling | EE block stress-induced decreases in CREB activity (↑ BDNF) | 58,113,165,174,176 | ||
| EE block stress-induced activation of ERK-MAPK-CREB pathway (↓ GR) | 194 | |||
| EE block stress-induced EGR-1 (↓ neuronal activation) | 194 | |||
| EE blunt stress-induced increases in PKM pathway activity (↑ GR signals) | 186 | |||
| EE block stress-induced decreases in SIRT1/miR-134 pathway (↑ VEGF) | 64 |