Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study participants; MESA
| Characteristics | Total | Number of left valve sites with progression of calcification | Direction of association a | p-for-trend | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No progression | One site only (AVC or MAC) | Both sites (AVC and MAC) | ||||
| N | 5539 | 4571 | 823 | 145 | ||
| Age, years | 61.9 ± 10.2 | 60.3 ± 9.8 | 68.7 ± 8.5 | 72 ± 7.1 | ▲ | <0.001 |
| Female | 2915 (52.6) | 2437 (53.3) | 413 (50.2) | 65 (44.8) | ▼ | 0.01 |
| Race/ ethnicity | ||||||
| White | 2192 (39.6) | 1737 (38.0) | 371 (45.1) | 84 (57.9) | ▲ | <0.001 |
| Black | 1504 (27.2) | 1287 (28.2) | 193 (23.5) | 24 (16.6) | ▼ | <0.001 |
| Hispanic | 1174 (21.2) | 956 (20.9) | 191 (23.2) | 27 (18.6) | ■ | 0.52 |
| Chinese | 669 (12.1) | 591 (12.9) | 68 (8.3) | 10 (6.9) | ▼ | <0.001 |
| Education | ||||||
| Less than high school | 909 (16.4) | 703 (15.4) | 183 (22.2) | 23 (15.9) | ▲ | <0.001 |
| High school or vocational school | 2266 (40.9) | 1867 (40.8) | 338 (41.1) | 61 (42.1) | ■ | 0.78 |
| College, graduate or professional school | 2364 (42.7) | 2001 (43.8) | 302 (36.7) | 61 (42.1) | ▼ | 0.003 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 28.3 ± 5.4 | 28.1 ± 5.5 | 28.8 ± 5.4 | 28.8 ± 4.7 | ▲ | <0.001 |
| Current smoker | 668 (12.1) | 557 (12.2) | 105 (12.8) | 6 (4.1) | ■ | 0.12 |
| Pack-years of smoking in ever-smokers b | 16.0 (6.0 – 32.0) | 15.4 (5.8 – 30.0) | 19.4 (7.5 – 37.3) | 20.0 (6.0 – 43.5) | ▲ | <0.001 |
| Physical activity, MET-minutes/week b | 4125 (2055 – 7545) | 4230 (2100 – 7725) | 3780 (1713 – 6840) | 3300 (1680 – 6480) | ▼ | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 125.8 ± 21 | 124.4 ± 20.4 | 132.4 ± 22.7 | 133.4 ± 20.4 | ▲ | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 71.8 ± 10.1 | 71.9 ± 10.1 | 71.5 ± 10.3 | 70.7 ± 9 | ■ | 0.06 |
| Antihypertensive use | 1783 (32.2) | 1348 (29.5) | 359 (43.6) | 76 (52.4) | ▲ | <0.001 |
| Lipid-lowering medication | 907 (16.4) | 671 (14.7) | 195 (23.7) | 41 (28.3) | ▲ | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 193.5 ± 34.1 | 193.5 ± 34 | 194.7 ± 34.7 | 188.7 ± 31.4 | ■ | 0.75 |
| HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL | 51.2 ± 14.7 | 51.4 ± 14.7 | 50.7 ± 14.9 | 49.1 ± 14 | ▼ | 0.02 |
| LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL | 117.2 ± 30.9 | 117.3 ± 30.9 | 117.6 ± 31.3 | 112.4 ± 28.4 | ■ | 0.26 |
| Triglyceride, mg/dL | 125.5 ± 65.4 | 124 ± 65.3 | 132.4 ± 64.9 | 135.6 ± 68 | ▲ | <0.001 |
| Diabetes status | 642 (11.6) | 466 (10.2) | 145 (17.6) | 31 (21.4) | ▲ | <0.001 |
| eGFR, ml/min per 1.73 m2 | 77.8 ± 15.9 | 79 ± 15.6 | 72.6 ± 16.3 | 69.4 ± 16.3 | ▼ | <0.001 |
| Coronary artery calcium, Agatston units | ||||||
| 0 | 2857 (51.6) | 2603 (57.0) | 233 (28.3) | 21 (14.5) | ▼ | <0.001 |
| 1 – 99 | 1447 (26.1) | 1181 (25.8) | 227 (27.6) | 39 (26.9) | ■ | 0.35 |
| 100 – 399 | 723 (13.1) | 495 (10.8) | 190 (23.1) | 38 (26.2) | ▲ | <0.001 |
| ≥ 400 | 512 (9.2) | 292 (6.4) | 173 (21.0) | 47 (32.4) | ▲ | <0.001 |
| Interim AF and/ or CHD | 1077 (19.4) | 743 (16.3) | 277 (33.7) | 57 (39.3) | ▲ | <0.001 |
AVC = aortic valve calcium; AF = atrial fibrillation; BMI = body mass index; CHD = coronary heart disease; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL = high density lipoprotein; LDL = low density lipoprotein; MAC= mitral annular calcium.
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation for continuous variables and frequency (percentage) for categorical variables unless otherwise specified.
a
Direction of association from no progression to progression at both sites: ▲ = increasing; ■ = no association; ▼ = decreasing.
b
Data presented as median (interquartile interval).