Table 1.
Subject clinical symptoms, TBI history, CDA, plasma NfL, and imaging results.
| Subject | Age | TBI history | Last TBI | Date seen | CDA | NfL (pg/ml) | [18F]AV1451 | [18F]AV45 SUVr | MRI | Symptomsa |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control 1 | 42 | 0 | N/A | 2017 | 0 | N/A | Negative | 0.97 | Normal | None |
| Control 2 | 45 | 0 | N/A | 2016 | 0 | N/A | Negative | 1.01 | Normal | None |
| Control 3 | 53 | 0 | N/A | 2015 | 0 | 4.6 | Negative | 0.89 | Scattered periventricular and subcortical T2/FLAIR hyperintensities, most in the right centrum semiovale | None |
| Control 4 | 60 | 0 | N/A | 2017 | 0 | 21.7 | Negative | 0.99 | Normal | None |
| Control 5 | 49 | 0 | N/A | 2016 | 1 | 9.6 | Negative | 0.87 | Normal | None |
| Control 6 | 38 | 0 | N/A | 2017 | 0 | 6.8 | Negative | 0.95 | Normal | None |
| Control 7 | 57 | 0 | N/A | 2016 | 0 | N/A | Negative | 0.94 | Minimal scattered T2/FLAIR hyperintense foci within bilateral periventricular and subcortical WM | None |
| Veteran 1 | 32 | 4 IEDs, 2 TBI, 2 LOC | 2008 | 2017 | 1 | 7.6 | Positive | 0.89 | Few scattered T2/FLAIR hyperintense foci in the WM, partially empty sella | Dx TBI and PTSD, Depression, anxiety, suicidality, poor memory and concentration, headaches, sleep disturbance, dizziness, resting tremors |
| Veteran 2 | 35 | 3 IEDs, 1TBI, No LOC | 2006 | 2017 | 1 | 13.6 | Positive | 0.92 | Normal | Dx of PTSD, headaches, blurred vision, sleep disturbances, fatigue, depression, irritability, poor memory and concentration, restlessness |
| Veteran 3 | 32 | ~5 IEDs, 5 TBIs, 1 LOC | 2010 | 2017 | 1 | 9.9 | Negative | 0.87 | Multiple small foci of T2 hyperintensity within the periventricular and subcortical WM | Dx PTSD, headaches, depression, anxiety, sleep disturbances, irritability, poor memory |
| Veteran 4 | 55 | 1 IED, 3 TBI, 1 LOC | 2010 | 2017 | 0 | 25.9 | Positive | 0.93 | Normal | Headaches, dizziness, poor memory and concentration, aggression, light sensitivity |
| Veteran 5 | 42 | ~50 TBIs, 5 LOC | 1997 | 2017 | 1 | 12.8 | Positive | 0.96 | Normal | Dx PTSD and TBI, headaches, depression, irritability, sleep disturbances, fatigue, restlessness, light sensitivity, poor memory and concentration |
| Veteran 6 | 41 | 1 IED, 11 TBIs, no LOC | 2004 | 2017 | 0 | 3.6 | Negative | 0.88 | Osseous lesion located on the roof of the left orbit | Poor memory and concentration, light sensitivity, depression, sleep disturbance, irritability, fatigue, dizziness, restlessness |
| Veteran 7 | 58 | ~10 IEDs, 15 TBI, No LOC | 2002 | 2017 | 0 | 9.4 | Negative | 0.86 | Non-specific scattered T2/FLAIR hyperintense foci within the periventricular and deep cortical WM regions | Headaches, dizziness, irritability, poor memory and concentration, fatigue, light sensitivity, blurred vision, restlessness |
| Veteran 8 | 47 | 4 IEDs, ~21 TBI, 4 LOC | 2008 | 2017 | 0 | 4.4 | Negative | 0.91 | Prominent rightward nasal septal deviation. There are multifocal T2/FLAIR hyperintense foci in the subcortical, deep and periventricular WM regions | Dx PTSD, Poor memory and concentration, apathy, anxiety, depression, restlessness |
| Veteran 9 | 37 | ~40 IEDs, 2 TBI | 2004 | 2017 | 1 | 19 | Positive | 0.93 | Normal | Irritability, Anxiety, depression |
| Veteran 10 | 33 | Many IEDs, 3 TBI, 2 LOC | 2009 | 2017 | N/A | 1.7 | Negative | 0.94 | Normal | Dx PTSD, headaches, dizziness, fatigue, sleep disturbances, depression, irritability, poor memory and concentration, suicidality |
Three controls did not have NfL measurements performed. One veteran did not have CDA analysis performed. [18F]AV1451 PET positive subjects (qualitative reads by radiologist).
aThe control group responded to advertisements or requests through social media for subjects without cognitive complaints and no history of TBI. Screening of control subjects included an interview in which subjects were asked about common neurological complaints. Symptoms from the veteran group were ascertained by medical record review and by subject or informant complaint.