Table 1.
Characteristics of participants included in final analyses
| N(%) or mean (SD) | PAE (n=41) |
Control (n=36) |
Statistical Test |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 11.66 (2.42) | 12.08 (2.68) | t(75)= −0.732, p= 0.466 |
| Gender | |||
| Male | 20 (48.78%) | 19 (52.78%) | x2(1)= 0.123 p= 0.726 |
| Female | 21 (51.22%) | 17 (47.22%) | |
| Racial Categories | |||
| White | 16 (39.02%) | 34 (94.44%) | x2(5)=26.910 p< 0.001 |
| Black or African American | 7 (17.07%) | 0 (0.00%) | |
| American Indian/Alaska Native | 3 (7.32%) | 0 (0.00%) | |
| Asian | 2 (4.88%) | 1 (2.78%) | |
| Asian | 1 (2.44%) | 1 (2.78%) | |
| Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 12 (31.71%) | 1 (2.78%) | |
| More than One Race | 12 (31.71%) | 1 (2.78%) | |
| Highest Level of Parental Education | x2(4)=18.359 p<.001 | ||
| High School | 1 (2.40%) | 3 (8.30%) | |
| Some College | 12 (29.30%) | 0 (%) | |
| Technical School | 8 (19.50%) | 3 (8.30%) | |
| 4-Year College | 6 (14.60%) | 14 (38.9%) | |
| Graduate School | 14 (34.10%) | 16 (44.40%) | |
| Nicotine/Tobacco Exposure | 7 (17.07% %) | 0 (%) | x2(1)=6.761 p=.009 |
| Alcohol Exposure | |||
| Alcohol Confirmed | 34 (82.93%) | ||
| Alcohol Suspected | 7 (17.07% %) | ||
| Other Drug Exposure | |||
| None | 9 (21.95%) | ||
| Drug Exposure Suspected | 10 (24.39%) | ||
| Drug Exposure Confirmed | 22 (53.66%) | ||
| Dysmorphic Facial Features | |||
| Lip (score 4 or 5) | 13 (31.71%) | 3 (8.33%) | x2(1)= 3.993 p= 0.046 |
| Philtrum (score 4 or 5) | 17 (41.46%) | 3 (8.33%) | x2(1)= 7.523 p= 0.006 |
| Palpebral Fissure (≤10th percentile) | 3 (7.32%) | 3 (8.33%) | x2(1)= 0.275 p= 0.600 |
| ≥ 2 Facial Features Present | 13 (31.71%) | 1 (2.78%) | x2(1)= 9.356 p= 0.025 |
|
Growth Deficiency (≤10th percentile) Height Weight |
|||
| Height | 4 (9.76%) | 0 (0.00%) | x2(1)= 2.842 p= 0.092 |
| Weight | 1 (2.44%) | 2 (5.56%) | x2(1)= 0.932 p= 0.334 |
| Deficient Brain Growth (≤10th percentile) a | |||
| Occipital-Frontal Circumference (OFC) | 5 (12.20%) | 0 (0.00%) | x2(1)= 4.013 p= 0.045 |
| IOM Diagnostic Category | |||
| FAS | 1 (2.44%) | ||
| Partial FAS | 12 (29.26%) | ||
| ARND | 26 (63.41%) |
Two participants in the PAE group and 10 participants in the control group did not have available physical exam information for analysis. Of the seven participants in the PAE group with suspected alcohol exposure, four were included because they met the study criteria for pFAS ; One participant had adoption records indicating maternal alcohol use; One participant had a corroborating report from the biological father indicating maternal alcohol use and also had two siblings with pFAS diagnoses; the final participant had a biological sibling with an FASD diagnosis and record of the removal of multiple other siblings from the biological mother’s home due to alcohol abuse. Additionally, the latter participant had a thin vermillion border at a previous point in development according to medical records.