Table 4.
Estimated adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals between relevant variables and latent polysubstance use profiles compared to Less PSU profile (N = 6,569).
| Primarily Alcohol | Primarily Heroin | Tranquilizer PSU | Primarily Buprenorphine | Stimulant-Opioid | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic | |||||
| Age | 1.02* (1.00–1.03) |
0.98** (0.97–0.99) |
1.00 (0.99–1.01) |
0.98** (0.96–0.99) |
1.00 (0.99–1.01) |
| Education Level | 0.99 (0.94–1.03) |
1.00 (0.96–1.03) |
0.94*** (0.91–0.98) |
0.93** (0.89–0.98) |
0.94** (0.91–0.98) |
| Male | 1.76*** (1.30–2.39) |
1.22 (0.97–1.45) |
1.14 (0.78–1.16) |
1.56** (1.16–2.11) |
1.41** (1.12–1.78) |
| White | 0.82 (0.66–1.01) |
1.13 (0.98–1.37) |
0.91 (0.79–1.09) |
1.46*** (1.16–1.83) |
0.89 (0.75–1.06) |
| Rural | 0.85 (0.69–1.05) |
0.24*** (0.23–0.32) |
1.27** (1.17–1.61) |
2.71*** (2.11–3.48) |
0.61*** (0.51–0.73) |
| Unemployed | 0.77* (0.63–0.96) |
1.04 (0.87–1.17) |
1.08 (0.94–1.29) |
0.99 (0.79–1.23) |
1.00 (0.84–1.18) |
| Homeless | 1.24 (0.96–1.59) |
1.17 (1.03–1.50) |
0.83 (0.75–1.11) |
0.93 (0.71–1.22) |
1.42*** (1.16–1.74) |
| Economic Hardship | 1.01 (0.97–1.06) |
1.07*** (1.04–1.11) |
0.99 (0.99–1.06) |
1.05* (1.00–1.10) |
1.03 (1.00–1.07) |
| Injection drug use | 1.11 (0.89–1.38) |
5.12*** (4.41–6.56) |
1.46*** (1.36–1.88) |
2.06*** (1.61–2.64) |
1.53*** (1.26–1.85) |
| Physical Health | |||||
| HCV positive | 0.84 (0.63–1.13) |
1.12 (0.98–1.44) |
0.95 (0.84–1.27) |
1.23 (0.95–1.61) |
1.31* (1.05–1.62) |
| Chronic Pain | 0.80 (0.63–1.02) |
0.84 (0.69–1.01) |
1.08 (1.04–1.49) |
0.77 (0.59–1.00) |
0.78* (0.63–0.95) |
| Number of poor physical health days in past month | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) |
1.00 (1.00–1.01) |
1.01 (1.01–1.02) |
1.00 (0.99–1.01) |
1.00 (0.99–1.01) |
| Mental Health | |||||
| Anxiety | 1.03 (0.99–1.08) |
0.99 (0.95–1.03) |
1.04* (1.01–1.08) |
1.04* (1.00–1.09) |
1.02 (0.99–1.06) |
| Depression | 0.98 (0.95–1.02) |
1.00 (0.96–1.05) |
1.01 (0.98–1.06) |
0.96* (0.92–0.99) |
1.05** (1.02–1.09) |
| Number of poor mental health days in past month | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) |
0.99 (0.99–1.00) |
1.00 (1.00–1.01) |
1.00 (0.99–1.01) |
0.99 (0.99–1.00) |
| Use alcohol to cope | 27.68*** (20.87–36.70) |
0.76* (0.59–0.97) |
1.69*** (1.36–2.03) |
0.77 (0.69–1.17) |
2.92*** (2.37–3.60) |
| Use Rx drugs to cope | 0.68*** (0.53–0.87) |
0.73*** (0.60–0.87) |
2.90*** (2.39–3.55) |
1.79*** (1.39–2.30) |
0.88 (0.72–1.07) |
| Use illegal drugs to cope | 0.38*** (0.29–0.51) |
2.54*** (2.04–3.18) |
1.15 (0.92–1.42) |
0.90 (0.68–1.15) |
1.42** (1.14–1.78) |
| Criminal Historya | |||||
| Lifetime number of convictions | 1.01*** (1.00–1.02) |
1.01 (1.00–1.01) |
1.01*** (1.01–1.02) |
1.00 (1.00–1.01) |
1.01*** (1.01–1.02) |
| Arrest for property crimes past 12-months | 1.10 (0.76–1.31) |
1.17 (0.94–1.45) |
1.00 (0.81–1.24) |
1.14 (0.87–1.50) |
1.45*** (1.18–1.77) |
| Arrest for violent crimes past 12-months | 1.07 (0.78–1.45) |
0.62** (0.45–0.85) |
1.12 (0.87–1.46) |
0.56** (0.36–0.86) |
1.15 (0.88–1.51) |
| Arrest for drug crimes past 12-months | 0.74** (0.59–0.94) |
0.79* (0.65–0.95) |
0.89 (0.74–1.06) |
0.80 (0.63–1.02) |
0.82* (0.68–0.99) |
Note: PSU = polysubstance use; Significance indicated by.
*
p<.05,
**
p<.01,
***
p<.001.
Models adjusted for all sociodemographic, mental, and physical health variables.
a
Criminal history variables are modeled individually, adjusted for all variables.