TABLE 1.
Characteristics of included Lifeways participants1
| Caffeine intake categories | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total population (n = 558)2 | <50 mg/d (n = 108) | 50 to <100 mg/d (n = 171) | 100 to <200 mg/d (n = 192) | ≥200 mg/d (n = 87) | P value3 | |
| Maternal characteristics | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Maternal age at recruitment, y | 30.8 ± 5.7 | 29.3 ± 6.2 | 30.6 ± 5.4 | 31.2 ± 5.5 | 32.3 ± 5.5 | 0.002 |
| Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m2 | 23.7 ± 3.8 | 24.1 ± 4.5 | 24.0 ± 4.0 | 23.5 ± 3.4 | 23.4 ± 3.4 | 0.34 |
| Eligibility to the General Medical Services Scheme | — | — | — | — | — | 0.18 |
| No | 484 (88%) | 86 (82%) | 149 (89%) | 169 (88%) | 80 (92%) | |
| Yes | 68 (12%) | 19 (18%) | 19 (11%) | 23 (12%) | 7 (8%) | |
| Education status | — | — | — | — | — | 0.07 |
| Below tertiary | 263 (48%) | 51 (48%) | 84 (50%) | 98 (52%) | 30 (35%) | |
| Tertiary or above | 288 (52%) | 55 (52%) | 85 (50%) | 92 (48%) | 56 (65%) | |
| Cigarette smoking during pregnancy | — | — | — | — | — | 0.39 |
| No | 405 (74%) | 82 (77%) | 129 (77%) | 134 (71%) | 60 (70%) | |
| Yes | 144 (26%) | 24 (23%) | 39 (23%) | 55 (29%) | 26 (30%) | |
| Alcohol use during pregnancy | — | — | — | — | — | 0.017 |
| No | 164 (30%) | 40 (38%) | 54 (32%) | 55 (29%) | 15 (17%) | |
| Yes | 391 (70%) | 66 (62%) | 116 (68%) | 137 (71%) | 72 (83%) | |
| Parity | — | — | — | — | — | 0.020 |
| Primiparous | 234 (43%) | 58 (56%) | 70 (42%) | 71 (37%) | 35 (41%) | |
| Nonprimiparous | 314 (57%) | 46 (44%) | 97 (58%) | 120 (63%) | 51 (59%) | |
| Child characteristics | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Child gender | — | — | — | — | — | 0.79 |
| Male | 286 (51%) | 52 (48%) | 91 (53%) | 96 (50%) | 47 (54%) | |
| Female | 272 (49%) | 56 (52%) | 80 (47%) | 96 (50%) | 40 (46%) | |
1Values are mean ± SD for continuous variables or n (%) for categorical variables.
2Total number may not be 558 due to missing information: maternal age (n = 3); prepregnancy BMI (n = 80); eligibility to the General Medical Services Scheme (n = 6); maternal education status (n = 7); cigarettes smoking (n = 9); alcohol intake (n = 3); parity (n = 10).
3 P values were derived from one-way ANOVA for continuous variables and chi-square test for categorical variables.