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Skin drug delivery. (a) Types of drug entrance routes through the skin. (b) Pathways into the skin for transdermal drug delivery: (A) transcellular pathway (penetration through the corneocytes); (B) intercellular pathway (penetration between the corneocytes through the intercellular lipids); (C) intrafollicular pathway (penetration through the hair follicles); and (D) polar pathway (penetration through the polar pores). Adapted from Lima and Reis (2018)
