Fig. 1.

(a) General framework of the Hierarchically Dense U‐Net (HD U‐Net) model for the proposed dose accuracy boosting technique. (b) General training and testing processes where the patient‐specific computed tomography (CT) and low‐accuracy anisotropic‐analytic‐algorithm (AAA) doses serve as the input into the HD U‐Net structure, and the high‐accuracy Acuros XB (AXB) doses serve as the ‘ground‐truth’ output for supervised training/validation. Using the trained framework, a new patient‐specific CT and low‐accuracy AAA dose can be input to obtain a high‐accuracy, boosted AAA dose as the output, with its accuracy matching the AXB dose level.