. 2020 Jun 5;65(9):612–620. doi: 10.1177/0706743720931237

Table 3.

Association Between Sociodemographic, Clinical Characteristics, and Mean Number of Psychological Pain Dimensions

Variable	Mean Number of Dimensions ± SD	P Value	Cohen d
Sex		0.95	.
Women	4.63 ± 1.20
Men	4.65 ± 1.23
Social connections^a		0.03*	0.59
Mentioned	5.05 ± 1.17
Not mentioned	4.43 ± 1.17
Suicide attempt history		0.52	.
Yes	4.76 ± 1.21
No	4.50 ± 1.19
History of psychological trauma^b		0.14	.
Yes	5.07 ± .88
No	4.51 ± 1.26
History of institutional care^c		0.73	.
Yes	4.66 ± 1.21
No	4.50 ± 1.20
History of electroconvulsive therapy		0.49	.
Yes	4.77 ± 1.24
No	4.55 ± 1.18
Physical pain^d		0.15	.
Yes	4.29 ± 1.31
No	4.80 ± 1.12
History of treatment refusal^e		0.03*	0.50
Yes	4.89 ± 1.24
No	4.31 ± 1.07
Functional dependency^f		0.41	.
Yes	4.77 ± .99
No	4.51 ± 1.36
Age group		0.98	.
30 to 49 years	4.62 ± .15
50 to 69 years	4.66 ± .29
70 years	4.62 ± .16
Number of lifetime psychiatric conditions		0.19	.
1	4.74 ± .15
2	4.30 ± .15
3	4.88 ± .26

Note. EAS, euthanasia and assisted suicide; SD, standard deviation.

^a Existence of social connections was based on both patient reports and case summary, including the EAS procedure, where relatives were often present.

^b Psychological trauma was identified when the terms trauma or abuse were used in case summaries.

^c Institutional care includes both acute and chronic care.

^d Physical pain was defined as pain with an identifiable somatic cause.

^e Treatment refusal was defined as refusing any treatment modality in the past.

^f Functional dependency was defined as needing continuous care (e.g., living in supervised settings, indications of constant support from health care or social system).

Normality and homogeneity were not assumed in all comparisons.

*p < 0.05, two-sided.