. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Sep 11.

Published in final edited form as: J Fam Psychol. 2019 Feb 7;33(5):499–510. doi: 10.1037/fam0000484

Table 4.

Comparisons Among Indicators of Father Groups and Associations With Concurrent and Prospective Child Outcomes

LPA Indicator	Group 1 (24.1%): Low quality-infrequent par.	Group 2 (30.6%): Infrequent par.	Group 3 (17.6%): Low quality-sole par.	Group 4 (27.8%): High quality-low conflict-shared par.	Wald x² Diff.
Face Par. Time	9.76 (6.88)^abc	16.80 (4.93)^ade	27.44 (4.69)^bdf	18.66 (7.82)^cef	^a146.30^*, ^b30.95 ^, ^c30.58^, ^d294.24^, ^e60.96^, ^f67.09^*
Overnight	3.69 (3.91)^abc	4.36 (3.21)^ade	26.84 (5.63)^bdf	15.42 (8.47)^cef	^a174.67^*, ^b99.11 ^, ^c113.21^, ^d206.97^, ^e107.69^, ^f115.53^*
IPC	1.58 (0.54)	1.58 (0.43)^a	1.65 (0.47)^b	1.46 (0.44)^ab	^a5.16^, ^b4.45^
Acc/Rej.	4.40 (0.36)^a	4.46 (0.26)^bc	4.23 (0.46)^bd	4.81 (0.11)^acd	^a16.21^*, ^b43.94^{* c}7.17^*, ^d97.90^*
Con. Disc	4.46 (0.51)^a	4.50 (0.42)^b	4.27 (0.52)^c	4.86 (0.14)^abc	^a3.94^, ^b36.35^, ^c35.48^*
P-C Comm	4.26 (0.55)^a	4.34 (0.47)^b	4.22 (0.72)^c	4.80 (0.19)^abc	^a5.69^, ^b20.18^, ^c32.91^*
Fam. Routines	2.22 (0.42)^abc	2.62 (0.28)^ad	2.51 (0.41)^bde	2.88 (0.12)^ce	^a11.11^*, ^b13.79^, ^c79.24^, ^d13.79^, ^e37.19^**

Ch. Outcomes					Unstandardized Beta (SE)

Int. Conc.	54.70 (10.28)^a	55.80 (10.52)^b	57.90 (9.79)^c	49.21 (10.04)^abc	^a.20 (.08)^, ^b.27 (.08)^, ^c.28 (.08)^**
Ext. Conc.	52.82 (10.11)^ab	53.79 (9.71)^c	56.73 (10.91)^ad	48.43 (9.01)^bcd	^a.14 (.08)^, ^b.14 (.08)^, ^c.23 (.08)^, ^d.36 (.08)^**
Int. 3-mo	53.92(11.56)	52.19 (9.94)	56.14 (11.27)^a	46.67 (9.67)^a	^a.32 (.12)^***
Ext. 3-mo	51.31 (10.20)^a	52.40 (10.04)^b	56.98 (12.10)^abc	46.18 (8.04)^c	^a.27 (.18)^, ^b.25 (.12)^, ^c.39 (.13)^***
Int. 10-mo	52.88 (11.75)	52.42 (9.39)	55.17 (12.36)^a	47.66 (9.92)^a	^a.24 (.08)^**
Ext. 10-mo	51.04(11.07)	50.67 (9.45)	52.98 (11.37)^a	47.30 (8.29)^a	^a.21 (.25)^**

Note. Means (SDs) from sample variables are presented. Shared superscripts represent significant group differences at p < .05. LPA = Latent Profile Analysis; Infreq. = Infrequent; Par. = parenting; IPC = interparental conflict; Acc/Rej. = acceptance and rejection; Con. Disc = consistent discipline; P-C Comm = parent adolescent communication; Fam. = family; Ch. = child; Int. = internalizing; Ext. = externalizing; Conc. = concurrent; 3-mo = 3-month follow-up; 10-mo = 10-month follow-up.

p < .05.

^**

p < .01.

^***

p < .001.