Figure 3.

Schematic representation of phage biopanning. This is the basic method for sequential affinity screening of the phage display libraries for specific binding phage from a large excess of non-binding clones is often referred to as “panning or biopanning.” The phage antibody selection involves the immobilization of the ligand of interest on a solid support, followed by applying the phage display library (in the form of purified virions) to the immobilized ligand to allow binding of specific variants. To eliminate the adherent non-binders, multiple rounds of washing are usually performed, and remaining bound phages are eluted and re-amplified. At least three rounds of biopanning are usually required in order to amplify the binding variants and to exclude any non-specific binders.