. 2020 Sep 9;14:1179546820927404. doi: 10.1177/1179546820927404

Table 4.

Artificial intelligence in cardiovascular medicine: challenges and pitfalls.

Artificial intelligence in cardiovascular medicine: challenges and pitfalls
• Dichotomania and improper calibration are known problems of artificial intelligence (AI)-based machine learning methods¹³
• AI-based systems needs to address data privacy concerns,^49,50 and United States needs universal data protection laws like General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) of the European Union57-61
• AI-based systems needs data integrity to prevent poor data selection, selection bias, historical bias/stereotypes in data analysis^58,59
• AI-based systems needs to guard against the use of faulty algorithms such as assuming correlation to causation to prevent encoding of discrimination in the automated systems^58,59
• AI-based systems also have problems associated with lack of standardization, suitability to the problem, reproducibility and legal responsibilities which may limit widespread use^60,61