Table 2.
Associations between the prevalence of cerebral stroke and systemic and ocular parameters after adjusting for age and gender in the Beijing Eye Study 2011
| Parameter | P value | OR | 95% CI |
| Systemic parameters | |||
| Rural/urban region of habitation | 0.11 | 1.29 | 0.95 to 1.75 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 0.03 | 1.04 | 1.001 to 1.08 |
| Level of education (1–5) | 0.64 | 1.04 | 0.92 to 1.18 |
| Self-reported income | 0.73 | 0.99 | 0.93 to 1.05 |
| Cognitive score | 0.77 | 1.00 | 0.96 to 1.03 |
| Alcohol consumption frequency | 0.001 | 0.85 | 0.77 to 0.94 |
| Smoking: never/former/current | 0.19 | 0.87 | 0.71 to 1.07 |
| Smoking: never/ever | 0.98 | 1.00 | 0.72 to 1.38 |
| Smoking package years | 0.38 | 1.00 | 1.00 to 1.01 |
| Physical activity | |||
| ‘How many days do you walk?’ | 0.51 | 0.98 | 0.92 to 1.04 |
| ‘How many days do you do vigorously intensive sport or activities?’ | 0.05 | 0.81 | 0.66 to 1.00 |
| ‘How many days do you do moderately intensive sport or activities?’ | 0.01 | 0.94 | 0.89 to 0.99 |
| ‘How many hours do you sit per day?’ | 0.04 | 1.06 | 1.004 to 1.12 |
| Quality of life | |||
| Summed score | <0.001 | 1.44 | 1.31 to 1.59 |
| Mobility: I have no/some problems in walking about/I am confined to bed | <0.001 | 2.79 | 2.01 to 3.86 |
| Self-care: I have no/some problems in washing or dressing myself/I am unable to wash or dress myself | <0.001 | 3.33 | 2.33 to 4.75 |
| Usual activities (eg, work, study, housework, family or leisure activities): I am able to wash or dress myself/I have some problems with performing my usual activities/I am unable to perform my usual activities | <0.001 | 3.27 | 2.36 to 4.53 |
| Pain/discomfort | 0.001 | 1.62 | 1.22 to 2.14 |
| Anxiety/depression: I am not/moderately/extremely anxious or depressed | <0.001 | 2.07 | 1.45 to 2.95 |
| Depression score | <0.001 | 1.06 | 1.04 to 1.08 |
| Blood concentration of | |||
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 0.01 | 1.11 | 1.02 to 1.21 |
| Glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) | 0.008 | 1.18 | 1.04 to 1.33 |
| High-density lipoproteins (mmol/L) | 0.11 | 0.70 | 0.45 to 1.09 |
| Low-density lipoproteins (mmol/L) | 0.28 | 0.90 | 0.74 to 1.09 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 0.95 | 1.01 | 0.86 to 1.17 |
| Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 0.18 | 0.88 | 0.74 to 1.06 |
| C-reactive protein | 0.47 | 1.01 | 0.98 to 1.04 |
| Diabetes mellitus, prevalence | <0.001 | 1.86 | 1.32 to 2.61 |
| Diabetes mellitus, duration (years) | 0.08 | 1.02 | 1.00 to 1.04 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 0.14 | 1.01 | 1.00,1.02 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 0.82 | 1.00 | 0.99 to 1.01 |
| Mean blood pressure (mm Hg) | 0.40 | 1.00 | 0.99 to 1.01 |
| Arterial hypertension | <0.001 | 2.42 | 1.76 to 3.34 |
| Estimated cerebrospinal fluid pressure (mm Hg) | 0.17 | 1.03 | 0.99 to 1.09 |
| Creatinine (mmol/L) | 0.67 | 1.00 | 0.99 to 1.02 |
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (mL/min/1.73 m²) (MDRD formula) | 0.79 | 1.00 | 0.99 to 1.01 |
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate (mL/min/1.73 m²) (CKD-EPI formula) | 0.79 | 1.00 | 0.98 to 1.01 |
| Ocular parameters | |||
| Refractive error (dioptres) | 0.47 | 0.98 | 0.92 to 1.04 |
| Axial length (mm) | 0.70 | 0.98 | 0.86 to 1.11 |
| Anterior corneal curvature radius (mm) | 0.16 | 0.66 | 0.37 to 1.18 |
| Central corneal thickness (µm) | 0.09 | 1.004 | 0.999 to 1.008 |
| Anterior chamber depth (mm) | 0.92 | 1.01 | 0.79 to 1.29 |
| Lens thickness (mm) | 0.14 | 1.41 | 0.89 to 2.22 |
| Intraocular pressure (mm Hg) | 0.66 | 1.01 | 0.96 to 1.06 |
| Retinal nerve fibre layer thickness (µm) | 0.62 | 1.00 | 0.99 to 1.01 |
| Localised defects of the retinal nerve fibre layer, prevalence | 0.42 | 1.18 | 0.79 to 1.77 |
| Localised defects of the retinal nerve fibre layer, 10-year incidence | 0.06 | 1.83 | 0.98 to 3.42 |
| Subfoveal choroidal thickness (µm) | 0.83 | 1.00 | 1.00 to 1.00 |
| Fundus tessellation | 0.66 | 1.02 | 0.92 to 1.13 |
| Macular retinal thickness (µm) | 0.04 | 0.994 | 0.989 to 1.000 |
| Optic disc size (mm2) | 0.69 | 1.09 | 0.71 to 1.70 |
| Neuroretinal rim area (mm2) | 0.52 | 1.15 | 0.75 to 1.77 |
| Dry eye, yes or no | 0.80 | 1.04 | 0.79 to 1.36 |
| Dry eye, number of days | 0.08 | 1.04 | 0.995 to 1.10 |
| Keratoconus (anterior corneal curvature refractive power ≥48 dioptres) | 0.27 | 2.04 | 0.58 to 7.18 |
| Keratoconus (anterior corneal curvature refractive power ≥49 dioptres) | 0.02 | 8.00 | 1.31 to 48.9 |
| Pseudoexfoliation syndrome | 0.49 | 0.82 | 0.47 to 1.43 |
| Nuclear cataract | 0.06 | 0.72 | 0.51 to 1.02 |
| Cortical cataract | 0.87 | 0.97 | 0.66 to 1.43 |
| Subcapsular posterior cataract | 0.34 | 1.29 | 0.77 to 2.16 |
| Glaucoma, prevalence, total | 0.61 | 0.87 | 0.52 to 1.47 |
| Open-angle glaucoma | 0.26 | 0.63 | 0.28 to 1.40 |
| Primary angle closure glaucoma | 0.36 | 0.57 | 0.17 to 1.89 |
| Age-related macular degeneration, prevalence, total | 0.60 | 0.92 | 0.68 to 1.25 |
| Age-related macular degeneration, early stage | 0.29 | 0.75 | 0.44 to 1.28 |
| Age-related macular degeneration, intermediate stage | 0.75 | 0.95 | 0.67 to 1.34 |
| Age-related macular degeneration, late stage | 0.11 | 2.26 | 0.84 to 6.06 |
| Diabetic retinopathy, prevalence | <0.001 | 1.63 | 1.27 to 2.08 |
| Diabetic retinopathy, score | <0.001 | 4.75 | 2.67 to 8.46 |
| Retinal vein occlusion, total | 0.18 | 1.55 | 0.82 to 2.93 |
| Branch retinal vein occlusion | 0.65 | 1.25 | 0.48 to 3.29 |
| Myopic retinopathy | 0.77 | 1.20 | 0.36 to 4.03 |
MDRD: Modification of Diet in Renal Disease; CKD-EPI: Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration