Table 3.

Heterogeneity tests of effect sizes (Hedges's g) for potential moderators.

Potential moderators	Q	N	g	SE
Study designa	61.830*
Within subjects		5	0.328*	0.037
Between subjects		7	0.529*	0.126
Mixed		38	0.759*	0.041
Sexa	9.405*
Girls		5	0.909*	0.143
Boys		5	0.686*	0.141
Not specified		40	0.499*	0.028
Agea	0.000
0–3 years		5	0.518*	0.153
4–8 years		45	0.520*	0.027
Spatial skills outcomesa	111.263*
Intrinsic–static		3	0.456*	0.145
Intrinsic–dynamic		31	0.952*	0.050
Extrinsic–static		5	0.770*	0.154
Measure that spans cells		11	0.326*	0.033
Research settingb	4.229
Lab		17	0.690*	0.169
Classroom		19	1.158*	0.155
Others		14	0.989*	0.177
Type of trainingb	1.673
Video game/play/hands-on operation		21	1.069*	0.156
Classroom-based course		17	0.993*	0.171
Spatial task training		12	0.752*	0.194

N, number of effect sizes; SE, standard error;

^*p < 0.01.

^aFixed effect approach is used for the moderator analysis of this variable.

^bRandom effects approach is used for the moderator analysis of this variable.