Table 3. Environmental survival of emerging/re-emerging viruses including SARS-CoV-2 under ambient conditions.
| Virus | Survival on surfaces | Survival in aerosols | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lassa virus | 0.41 log10/d (glass) | t½ = 0.62 h | Stephenson, Larson & Dominik (1984), Sagripanti, Rom & Holland (2010) | |
| SFTSV | t½ = 0.75 h (aluminum)† | No data | Hardestam et al. (2007) | |
| Hantaan virus | t½ = 1.0 h (aluminum) | No data | Hardestam et al. (2007) | |
| MERS-CoV | t½ = 0.94 h (steel) | t½ = 27 h* | Ijaz et al. (1985), Van Doremalen, Bushmaker & Munster (2013) | |
| SARS-CoV | t½ = 10 h (steel), 18 h (plastic) | At least 3 h¶ t½ = 27 h* |
Ijaz et al. (1985), Chan et al. (2011), Van Doremalen et al. (2020) | |
| SARS-CoV-2 | t½ = 5 min (cloth), 13–14 h (steel), 16 h (plastic), 19 h (mask), 4 h (swine skin) | At least 3 h¶ t½ = 27 h* |
Ijaz et al. (1985), Chin et al. (2020), Van Doremalen et al. (2020), Harbourt et al. (2020) | |
| Ebola virus | 0.68 log10/d (glass) 0.88 log10/d (steel) |
t½ = 0.25 h | Cook et al. (2015), Fischer et al. (2015), Sagripanti, Rom & Holland (2010), Piercy et al. (2010) | |
| Influenza H5N1 | <1 d (glass, metal) | No data | Wood et al. (2010) | |
| Nipah virus | 1 h (plastic) | No data | United States Environmental Protection Agency (2014) | |
| EV-D68 | t½ = 0.17–0.25 h (steel)‡ | No data | Sattar et al. (1987) | |
Notes:
*
Aerosol data for human coronavirus 229E (Ijaz et al., 1985). Survival half-life depended on humidity and temperature. The values ranged from 3.3 h (~80% RH), 67 h (50% RH), to 27 h (30% RH).
†
No data for SFTSV are available; the result displayed is for Crimean-Congo virus.
‡
No data for EV-D68 are available; the result displayed is for human rhinovirus type 14 at 15–55% RH (Sattar et al., 1987).
¶
The authors only evaluated times up to 3 h (Van Doremalen et al., 2020).