Table 2.
Associations of racial-ethnic composition with COVID-19 cases in counties adjusting for days since the first case, Percentage of foreign born, and all risk factors combined
| Variable | Model 1 |
Model 2 |
Model 3 |
Model 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| IRR (95% CI) | IRR (95% CI) | IRR (95% CI) | IRR (95% CI) | |
| Percentage of Blacks | 1.031‡ [1.024, 1.038] | 1.031‡ [1.024, 1.037] | 1.031‡ [1.025, 1.036] | 1.030‡ [1.025, 1.036] |
| Percentage of Latinx | 1.034† [1.011, 1.058] | 0.998 [0.987, 1.010] | 0.991 [0.980, 1.003] | |
| Percentage of Asians | 1.054∗ [1.011, 1.100] | 0.939‡ [0.904, 0.974] | 0.947† [0.913, 0.983] | 0.949‡ [0.920, 0.979] |
| Percentage of Mexicans | 0.991 [0.976, 1.006] | |||
| Percentage of Puerto Ricans | 1.038 [0.969, 1.112] | |||
| Percentage of Cubans | 0.927‡ [0.900, 0.956] | |||
| Percentage of Central Americans | 1.130‡ [1.067, 1.197] | |||
| Percentage of South Americans | 0.838‡ [0.769, 0.912] | |||
| Percentage of Other Latinx-origin | 0.987 [0.967, 1.008] | |||
| Percentage of Foreign born | 1.111‡ [1.082, 1.142] | 1.106‡ [1.074, 1.139] | 1.092‡ [1.067, 1.118] | |
| Days since the first case | 1.078‡ [1.061, 1.095] | 1.078‡ [1.062, 1.094] | 1.074‡ [1.060, 1.087] | 1.072‡ [1.059, 1.086] |
| Days since the first case squared | 1.000‡ [0.999, 1.000] | 1.000‡ [0.999, 1.000] | 1.000‡ [0.999, 1.000] | 1.000‡ [0.999, 1.000] |
| Population density (log) | 0.929 [0.857, 1.006] | 0.920∗ [0.850, 0.996] | ||
| Percentage of age 19–64 | 0.973 [0.935, 1.013] | 0.975 [0.934, 1.017] | ||
| Percentage of age 65 and over | 0.989 [0.943, 1.037] | 0.990 [0.941, 1.041] | ||
| Percentage of females | 0.912‡ [0.872, 0.952] | 0.915‡ [0.876, 0.956] | ||
| Median household income (log) | 0.930 [0.548, 1.577] | 1.062 [0.645, 1.747] | ||
| Income Inequality (80/20 ratio) | 1.015 [0.898, 1.146] | 1.027 [0.911, 1.158] | ||
| Unemployment rate | 0.911‡ [0.872, 0.952] | 0.920‡ [0.879, 0.963] | ||
| White/non-White segregation | 1.008† [1.003, 1.014] | 1.007† [1.002, 1.012] | ||
| White/Black segregation | 1.001 [0.999, 1.003] | 1.001 [0.999, 1.003] | ||
| Chronic disease index | 1.044 [0.965, 1.129] | 1.042 [0.965, 1.124] | ||
| Average household size | 1.818 [0.924, 3.575] | 1.792 [0.883, 3.637] | ||
| Percentage of severe housing problems | 1.009 [0.991, 1.028] | 1.010 [0.992, 1.029] | ||
| Percentage of public transportation | 1.003 [0.985, 1.021] | 1.013 [0.995, 1.031] | ||
| Health care shortage | 0.927 [0.802, 1.073] | 0.954 [0.834, 1.091] | ||
| Percentage of uninsured | 1.005 [0.978, 1.034] | 1.004 [0.979, 1.030] | ||
| Constant | 0.000‡ [0.000, 0.000] | 0.000‡ [0.000, 0.000] | 0.039 [0.000, 460.388] | 0.007 [0.000, 73.035] |
| lnalpha | –0.181∗ [–0.340, –0.022] | –0.235† [–0.390, –0.081] | –0.331‡ [–0.458, –0.203] | –0.354‡ [–0.487, ––0.220] |
| S.D.(constant) | 0.576‡ [0.420, 0.697] | 0.524‡ [0.400, 0.623] | 0.536‡ [0.398, 0.644] | 0.510‡ [0.349, 0.631] |
| N | 3106 | 3106 | 3106 | 3106 |
| AIC | 31,875.027 | 31,689.572 | 31,427.934 | 31,356.837 |
∗
P < .05.
†
P < .01.
‡
P < .001.