Table 3.
Associations of racial-ethnic composition with COVID-19 cases in counties adjusting all risk factors combined, by region
| Variable | Northeast |
Midwest |
South |
West |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| IRR (95% CI) | IRR (95% CI) | IRR (95% CI) | IRR (95% CI) | |
| Percentage of Blacks | 1.022† [1.009, 1.037] | 1.058‡ [1.026, 1.091] | 1.026‡ [1.020, 1.031] | 1.034 [0.986, 1.084] |
| Percentage of Latinx | 1.052‡ [1.031, 1.073] | 1.026 [0.999, 1.053] | 0.987∗ [0.977, 0.997] | 1.001 [0.982, 1.021] |
| Percentage of Asians | 0.983 [0.961, 1.006] | 0.913 [0.809, 1.031] | 0.972 [0.920, 1.026] | 0.954∗ [0.914, 0.997] |
| Percentage of Foreign born | 0.999 [0.969, 1.029] | 1.137† [1.036, 1.248] | 1.067‡ [1.031, 1.104] | 1.064∗ [1.001, 1.130] |
| Days since the first case | 1.121‡ [1.054, 1.193] | 1.078‡ [1.049, 1.107] | 1.093‡ [1.069, 1.117] | 1.069‡ [1.047, 1.092] |
| Days since the first case squared | 0.999‡ [0.999, 1.000] | 0.999‡ [0.999, 1.000] | 0.999‡ [0.999, 1.000] | 1.000‡ [1.000, 1.000] |
| Population density (log) | 1.146 [0.959, 1.371] | 0.965 [0.755, 1.234] | 0.895 [0.798, 1.004] | 0.949 [0.897, 1.004] |
| Percentage of age 19–64 | 1.030∗ [1.002, 1.060] | 0.965 [0.913, 1.020] | 0.959 [0.912, 1.007] | 0.982 [0.928, 1.040] |
| Percentage of age 65 and over | 1.075† [1.021, 1.132] | 0.955 [0.905, 1.007] | 0.980 [0.914, 1.052] | 0.999 [0.949, 1.051] |
| Percentage of females | 0.998 [0.959, 1.038] | 0.956 [0.839, 1.090] | 0.900‡ [0.847, 0.955] | 0.895∗ [0.817, 0.979] |
| Median household income (log) | 5.294‡ [2.435, 11.509] | 0.613 [0.199, 1.889] | 0.876 [0.371, 2.068] | 1.231 [0.324, 4.673] |
| Income Inequality (80/20 ratio) | 1.114 [0.967, 1.284] | 0.770‡ [0.692, 0.857] | 0.972 [0.822, 1.149] | 1.255 [0.947, 1.662] |
| Unemployment rate | 0.883∗ [0.787, 0.989] | 0.964 [0.900, 1.033] | 0.892‡ [0.841, 0.945] | 0.944∗ [0.891, 0.999] |
| White/non-White segregation | 1.004 [0.993, 1.016] | 1.004 [0.997, 1.011] | 1.006 [0.999, 1.012] | 1.016† [1.006, 1.026] |
| White/Black segregation | 1.002 [0.997, 1.008] | 1.001 [0.998, 1.004] | 0.997∗ [0.993, 1.000] | 1.001 [0.996, 1.006] |
| Chronic disease index | 1.450‡ [1.275, 1.648] | 0.996 [0.938, 1.058] | 1.080 [0.948, 1.231] | 0.893 [0.776, 1.028] |
| Average household size | 1.641 [0.760, 3.546] | 1.402 [0.698, 2.814] | 1.418 [0.423, 4.750] | 2.502∗ [1.010, 6.198] |
| Percentage of severe housing problems | 1.034∗ [1.006, 1.063] | 1.001 [0.966, 1.038] | 1.012 [0.982, 1.043] | 1.005 [0.955, 1.057] |
| Percentage of public transportation | 0.975‡ [0.961, 0.988] | 1.009 [0.899, 1.134] | 1.041‡ [1.018, 1.064] | 1.020 [0.982, 1.059] |
| Health care shortage | 0.842∗ [0.722, 0.983] | 0.909 [0.734, 1.126] | 0.972 [0.792, 1.193] | 1.211 [0.840, 1.745] |
| Percentage of uninsured | 0.970 [0.897, 1.049] | 0.976∗ [0.955, 0.997] | 1.027 [0.971, 1.087] | 1.021 [0.954, 1.091] |
| Constant | 0.000‡ [0.000, 0.000] | 7.064 [0.000, 139,100,000.000] | 0.681 [0.000, 2,695,583.040] | 0.000 [0.000, 3451.810] |
| lnalpha | –1.292‡ [–1.748, –0.836] | –0.401‡ [–0.619, –0.183] | –0.390‡ [–0.618, –0.163] | –0.422† [–0.732, –0.112] |
| S.D.(constant) | 0.136 [0.014, 0.323] | 0.316† [0.168, 0.414] | 0.465‡ [0.296, 0.587] | 0.426 [., 0.605] |
| N | 216 | 1055 | 1422 | 413 |
| AIC | 2866.233 | 9448.018 | 14,993.582 | 3698.238 |
∗
P < .05.
†
P < .01.
‡
P < .001.