Table S3.
Associations of racial-ethnic composition with COVID-19 deaths in counties adjusting all risk factors combined, by region
| Variable | Northeast |
Midwest |
South |
West |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| IRR (95% CI) | IRR (95% CI) | IRR (95% CI) | IRR (95% CI) | |
| Percentage of Blacks | 1.029∗∗ [1.008, 1.049] | 1.018 [0.991, 1.046] | 1.027∗∗∗ [1.019, 1.035] | 0.990 [0.952, 1.028] |
| Percentage of Latinx | 1.045∗∗ [1.012, 1.078] | 0.969 [0.913, 1.029] | 0.990∗ [0.982, 0.998] | 0.974∗ [0.953, 0.994] |
| Percentage of Asians | 0.974 [0.915, 1.036] | 0.825∗∗ [0.732, 0.930] | 1.015 [0.964, 1.069] | 0.957 [0.896, 1.022] |
| Percentage of Foreign born | 1.012 [0.949, 1.079] | 1.185∗∗ [1.060, 1.326] | 1.048∗∗∗ [1.021, 1.076] | 1.123∗∗∗ [1.069, 1.180] |
| Days since the first case | 1.202∗∗∗ [1.137, 1.270] | 1.066∗ [1.012, 1.124] | 1.138∗∗∗ [1.064, 1.218] | 1.153∗∗ [1.051, 1.265] |
| Days since the first case squared | 0.999∗∗∗ [0.999, 0.999] | 1.000 [0.999, 1.000] | 0.999∗∗ [0.999, 1.000] | 0.999∗∗ [0.999, 1.000] |
| Population density (log) | 1.093 [0.792, 1.508] | 1.111 [0.879, 1.405] | 0.864∗ [0.748, 0.999] | 1.041 [0.834, 1.300] |
| Percentage of age 19–64 | 1.038 [0.971, 1.109] | 1.036 [0.942, 1.140] | 0.925∗∗∗ [0.890, 0.960] | 1.051 [0.921, 1.200] |
| Percentage of age 65 and over | 1.089 [0.986, 1.203] | 1.023 [0.936, 1.117] | 0.993 [0.936, 1.054] | 1.000 [0.910, 1.099] |
| Percentage of females | 1.307∗∗∗ [1.207, 1.415] | 1.072 [0.937, 1.226] | 0.963 [0.916, 1.012] | 1.028 [0.820, 1.288] |
| Median household income (log) | 8.858∗∗∗ [4.874, 16.101] | 0.870 [0.158, 4.786] | 0.522 [0.266, 1.026] | 0.210 [0.041, 1.062] |
| Income Inequality (80/20 ratio) | 1.035 [0.882, 1.214] | 0.886 [0.568, 1.383] | 1.015 [0.869, 1.186] | 0.855 [0.605, 1.208] |
| Unemployment rate | 0.927 [0.743, 1.157] | 1.149 [0.992, 1.330] | 0.919∗ [0.854, 0.987] | 0.989 [0.914, 1.071] |
| White/non-White segregation | 0.993 [0.981, 1.006] | 1.017∗∗∗ [1.007, 1.027] | 1.004 [0.994, 1.014] | 1.035∗∗∗ [1.021, 1.050] |
| White/Black segregation | 0.999 [0.990, 1.008] | 0.998 [0.995, 1.002] | 0.994 [0.988, 1.000] | 0.992∗∗ [0.985, 0.998] |
| Chronic disease index | 1.544∗∗∗ [1.281, 1.862] | 1.194 [0.840, 1.696] | 0.979 [0.868, 1.104] | 1.042 [0.663, 1.639] |
| Average household size | 1.153 [0.624, 2.130] | 1.752 [0.334, 9.197] | 0.887 [0.337, 2.339] | 2.430 [0.452, 13.059] |
| Percentage of severe housing problems | 1.011 [0.956, 1.069] | 0.966 [0.899, 1.038] | 1.008 [0.969, 1.049] | 0.957 [0.877, 1.044] |
| Percentage of public transportation | 0.985 [0.956, 1.014] | 1.019 [0.884, 1.176] | 1.076∗∗∗ [1.039, 1.116] | 0.993 [0.923, 1.069] |
| Healthcare shortage | 0.875 [0.563, 1.360] | 0.649∗∗∗ [0.534, 0.790] | 0.838 [0.649, 1.082] | 1.043 [0.534, 2.038] |
| Percentage of uninsured | 1.006 [0.933, 1.085] | 0.979 [0.933, 1.027] | 0.971 [0.930, 1.015] | 1.008 [0.921, 1.104] |
| Constant | 0.000∗∗∗ [0.000, 0.000] | 0.000 [0.000, 7.105] | 1.239 [0.000, 22,211.136] | 0.003 [0.000, 8.697e+11] |
| lnalpha | –0.495∗ [–0.931, –0.059] | 0.265 [–0.020, 0.550] | 0.101 [–0.122, 0.325] | 0.138 [–0.420, 0.697] |
| S.D.(constant) | 0.370 [0.209, 0.541] | 0.438∗ [0.199, 0.587] | 0.621∗∗ [0.368, 0.797] | 0.767 [0.419, 1.141] |
| N | 216 | 1055 | 1422 | 413 |
| AIC | 1813.196 | 3683.159 | 6623.481 | 1523.407 |
∗P < .05; ∗∗ P < .01; ∗∗∗P < .001.