| Transcript factors |
| Pdx1 |
Essential in early and mature stages of pancreatic cell development. In early-stage regulates the formation of the pancreas from foregut endoderm. In the late stage transactivates the insulin gene |
Kaneto et al. (2007) and Zhu et al. (2017)
|
| Hb9 |
Regulates development of the dorsal pancreas |
Arkhipova et al. (2012) |
| Ngn3 |
Critical regulator for pancreatic endocrine fates |
Akinci et al. (2012), p. 3 and Zhu et al. (2017)
|
| NeuroD |
Regulates pancreatic endocrine cell differentiation and insulin gene transcription |
Zhu et al. (2017) |
| Mafa |
Regulates glucose-responsive insulin secretion. This TF is expressed only in beta-cells |
Wang et al. (2007), Nishimura, Bonner-Weir & Sharma (2009) and Zhu et al. (2017)
|
| Pax4 |
Regulates of beta-cell specification |
Napolitano et al. (2015) |
| Pax6 |
Increases the insulin expression |
Arkhipova et al. (2012) |
| Nkx6.1 |
Guides endodermal progenitors toward beta-cell fate, must be generated before certain endocrine genes turn on |
Taylor, Liu & Sander (2013) |
| Nkx2.2 |
Critical regulator of pancreatic endocrine cell specification and differentiation |
Doyle & Sussel (2007) |
| Small molecules |
| GNF-9228 |
Selectively stimulates proliferation of beta-cells |
Pavathuparambil Abdul Manaph et al. (2019) |
| 5′-azacytidine (5-AZA) |
DNA methylation inhibitor; increases the reprogramming process 10-fold |
Hohmeier et al. (2020) |
| Valproic acid (VPA) |
Increases the reprogramming process 100-fold |
Hohmeier et al. (2020) |
| Indolactam V (ILV) |
Induces differentiation of hesc lines toward Pdx1-positive pancreatic progenitors |
Hohmeier et al. (2020) |
| BRD7389 |
Induces insulin protein expression in alpha-cells |
Hohmeier et al. (2020) |
| Latrunculin A and B |
Induce endocrine differentiation by the reorganization of the cytoskeleton |
Hogrebe et al. (2020) |
| GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) |
Induces alpha-to-beta-cell neogenesis; participates in maintaining the beta-cell mass and in protecting beta-cells from apoptosis in vitro |
Ben-Othman et al. (2017) |
| MicroRNAs |
| miR-15a, miR-15b, miR-16 and miR-195 |
Decrease the level of NGN3 gene expression |
Joglekar et al. (2007) and Wong et al. (2018)
|
| miR-7 |
Inhibition of proliferation in Langerhans islets |
Wang et al. (2013) and Wong et al. (2018)
|
| RNA-binding proteins |
| Polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1 (PTBP1) |
Regulates the stability of insulin mRNA |
Magro & Solimena (2013) |
| Human antigen D (HuD) |
Binds to insulin mRNA and controls its translation |
Lee et al. (2012) |
| Protein-disulfide isomerase (PDI) |
Key regulator of glucose-stimulated insulin biosynthesis |
Kulkarni et al. (2011) |
