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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Nov 25.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Neurosci. 2020 May 25;23(7):809–818. doi: 10.1038/s41593-020-0643-5

Table 3.

Causal effects of AUD (MVP+PGC) on other traits by MR.

Outcome (#instruments) Ref IVW [27] Weighted median [28] MR-Egger [29] MR-Egger intercept p MR-PRESSO [30] GSMR [31]
β (se) p β (se) p β (se) p #outlier β (se) p #HEIDI-outlier β (se) p
DrnkWk (17) [9] 0.34 (0.05) 3.16×10−10 0.31 (0.04) 1.62×10−12 0.61 (0.39) 0.117 0.479 2 0.30 (0.04) 1.31×10−6 1 0.28 (0.03) 1.72×10−25
Ever smoked regularly (20) [9] 0.08 (0.04) 0.021 0.04 (0.03) 0.186 −0.04 (0.06) 0.544 0.032 4 0.07 (0.03) 0.028 2 0.08 (0.02) 6.94×10−6
Lifetime cannabis use (21) [39] 0.05 (0.17) 0.763 −0.32 (0.13) 0.013 −0.44 (0.27) 0.100 0.027 3 0.17 (0.17) 0.320 2 −0.07 (0.08) 0.345
Current vs former smoker (24) [9] 0.05 (0.03) 0.113 0.03 (0.03) 0.374 0.01 (0.07) 0.917 0.482 1 0.04 (0.03) 0.197 1 0.04 (0.02) 0.061
Cigarettes per day (23) [9] 0.06 (0.04) 0.125 0.05 (0.04) 0.185 −0.06 (0.08) 0.431 0.073 0 0.06 (0.04) 0.139 0 0.06 (0.02) 0.011
Age of initiation of smoking (24) [9] −0.05 (0.03) 0.065 −0.06 (0.04) 0.109 0.07 (0.05) 0.147 0.004 1 −0.11 (0.03) 0.001 0 −0.05 (0.02) 0.027
MDD (23) [32] 0.11 (0.11) 0.320 0.04 (0.09) 0.646 −0.81 (0.51) 0.112 0.064 10 0.14 (0.08) 0.118 5 0.00 (0.05) 0.914
Depressive symptom (23) [40] 0.01 (0.05) 0.794 −0.04 (0.05) 0.402 −0.26 (0.21) 0.207 0.177 1 −0.02 (0.04) 0.673 0 0.01 (0.04) 0.736
PGC Cross-disorder (22) [41] 0.31 (0.18) 0.086 0.16 (0.19) 0.382 −2.28 (1.10) 0.038 0.017 0 0.31 0.18 0.100 0 0.31 (0.12) 0.010
ADHD (24) [42] 0.25 (0.17) 0.132 −0.14 (0.16) 0.405 −0.44 (0.29) 0.122 0.005 1 0.18 (0.14) 0.220 1 0.18 (0.11) 0.101
Schizophrenia (21) [33] 0.45 (0.20) 0.026 0.21 (0.10) 0.045 0.00 (0.29) 0.999 0.047 6 0.24 (0.08) 0.009 6 0.24 (0.08) 0.004
Bipolar disorder (22) [34] −0.06 (0.18) 0.732 −0.03 (0.14) 0.812 −0.20 (0.31) 0.511 0.569 2 −0.02 (0.14) 0.893 2 −0.01 (0.11) 0.931
Depressed affect sub-cluster (22) [35] 0.02 (0.04) 0.650 −0.02 (0.03) 0.594 −0.08 (0.08) 0.313 0.131 4 0.02 (0.03) 0.508 1 0.00 (0.02) 0.845
Neuroticism (22) [35] 0.01 (0.04) 0.840 −0.01 (0.03) 0.641 −0.06 (0.07) 0.388 0.234 4 −0.02 (0.03) 0.591 3 −0.03 (0.02) 0.112
Worry sub-cluster (24) [35] 0.03 (0.04) 0.393 0.01 (0.03) 0.754 −0.04 (0.07) 0.591 0.239 4 0.01 (0.03) 0.820 3 −0.01 (0.02) 0.777
Subjective well-being (22) [40] −0.02 (0.05) 0.70 −0.05 (0.05) 0.264 0.03 (0.27) 0.921 0.860 3 −0.06 (0.04) 0.132 1 −0.05 (0.03) 0.092
Number of sexual partners (23) [36] 0.09 (0.05) 0.058 −0.00 (0.03) 0.941 −0.00 (0.09) 0.966 0.219 7 0.05 (0.04) 0.225 4 0.02 (0.02) 0.266
General risk tolerance (24) [36] 0.05 (0.03) 0.096 −0.03 (0.03) 0.323 −0.06 (0.06) 0.251 0.015 3 0.07 (0.03) 0.053 0 0.05 (0.02) 0.002
Insomnia (24) [37] 0.08 (0.06) 0.157 0.06 (0.06) 0.367 −0.04 (0.11) 0.744 0.196 1 0.12 (0.06) 0.050 2 0.10 (0.04) 0.020
Cognitive performance (22) [38] −0.03 (0.0) 0.460 −0.08 (0.03) 0.021 −0.09 (0.09) 0.295 0.440 3 −0.08 (0.04) 0.054 1 −0.05 (0.02) 0.030
Educational attainment (20) [38] −0.06 (0.03) 0.055 −0.10 (0.02) 7.38×10−6 −0.12 (0.06) 0.024 0.152 3 −0.07 (0.02) 6.04×10−3 5 −0.08 (0.02) 3.12×10−7
Mothers age at death (24) [43] −0.03 (0.04) 0.424 −0.02 (0.06) 0.692 −0.01 (0.08) 0.886 0.764 0 −0.03 0.03 0.342 0 −0.03 (0.04) 0.424
Fathers age at death (24) [43] −0.05 (0.05) 0.352 −0.09 (0.06) 0.113 −0.08 (0.10) 0.408 0.671 1 −0.03 (0.05) 0.523 0 −0.05 (0.04) 0.206

P-values labeled in bold are significant after multiple testing correction (p < 1.32×10−3). Traits labeled in bold are those having a causal effect from AUD by at least one method and consistent for the directions of effect by all 5 methods.