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. 2020 Aug 28;7:146. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.00146

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Copyright © 2020 Otsuka, Villiger, Nadkarni and Bouma.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Distinct polarization features of atherosclerotic human coronary arteries ex vivo. IVP of (A1–E1) normal artery, (A2–E2) fibroatheroma, (A3–E3) fibrocalcific plaque, (A4–E4) cholesterol crystals, and (A5–E5) macrophages, with matching histology. (F) Median and quartile birefringence (Δn) values in regions with depolarization <0.2 across tissue types. (G) Median and quartile depolarization (Dep) values across tissue types. Scale bar, 1 mm. Int, intensity; Δn, birefringence; Dep, depolarization; Tri, trichrome staining; PSR, Picrosirius red staining; In (F), Int, intima; Fib, fibrous tissue; Med, tunica media; Early, early lesions with dispersed lipid; Adv, advanced lesions with lipid pools or necrotic core; Calc, calcifications. Adapted from Villiger et al. (34) and Otsuka et al. (36).