Table 3.

The Generalize Linear Models of the parent–child gender in the occurrence of non-violent discipline and child maltreatment.

	Psychological aggression	Corporal punishment	Physical abuse	Severe physical abuse	Very severe physical abuse	Neglect
	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)
Model I
Child gender
Boys (n = 548)	0.92 (0.81, 1.03)	1.22 (1.09, 1.37)	1.41 (1.24, 1.61)	1.41 (1.24, 1.62)	1.42 (1.23, 1.64)	1.04 (0.93, 1.17)
Parent gender
Father	0.81 (0.72, 0.91)	0.88 (0.79, 0.99)	0.96 (0.84, 1.09)	0.94 (0.82, 1.08)	0.91 (0.71, 1.18)	1.05 (0.94, 1.17)
Model II
Child gender
Boys (n = 548)	0.88 (0.75, 1.05)	1.15 (0.98, 1.36)	1.18 (1.00, 1.41)	1.21 (1.01, 1.46)	1.16 (0.96, 1.41)	0.99 (0.84, 1.16)
Parent gender
Father	0.78 (0.66, 0.93)	0.83 (0.70, 0.99)	0.77 (0.63, 0.94)	0.79 (0.64, 0.99)	0.73 (0.59, 0.92)	0.99 (0.84, 1.17)
Boys*father	1.06 (0.84, 1.35)	1.12 (0.89, 1.41)	1.44 (1.12, 1.87)	1.38 (1.06, 1.80)	1.47 (1.10, 1.96)	1.10 (0.88, 1.38)

Notes. The reference level for child’s gender and parents’ gender are girls and mothers respectively. Model adjusted grade, maternal and paternal education, and marital status. Bolded OR (95% CI) are OR with p < 0.05.