Figure 2.

Experimental Schematic. The CBA mice were randomly assigned into 5 groups. Group1 (n=10): to receive daily subcutaneous injection of saline for 5 days and one intracranial injection of saline (saline); Group 2 (n = 10): to receive daily subcutaneous injection of 20mg/kg MPTP (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) for 5 days and one intracranial injection of saline (MPTP); Group 3 (n = 10): to receive daily subcutaneous injection of 20mg/kg MPTP for 5 days, one intracranial injection of saline and daily ECT treatment (an electrical current of 80 mC (80 mA, 50 Hz, 1s duration and 0.5ms pulse width) through ear clip electrodes) for 8 days (MPTP+ECT); Group 4 (n = 10): to receive daily subcutaneous injection of 20mg/kg MPTP for 5 days and one intracranial injection of 10¹² MSCs from isogeneic mice (MPTP+MSCs); Group 5 (n = 10): to receive daily subcutaneous injection of 20mg/kg MPTP for 5 days, one intracranial injection of 10¹² MSCs from isogeneic mice and daily ECT treatment (an electrical current of 80 mC (80 mA, 50 Hz, 1s duration and 0.5ms pulse width) through ear clip electrodes) for 8 days (MPTP+ECT+MSCs). All the mice were kept for another 2 months, and then subjected to rational behavior test, stepping test for assessing behavioral disorder. Afterwards, the mice were sampled for analyzing histology and signaling to dissect underlying mechanisms.