Table 1. Characteristics of the individuals and molecular results.

Site	Type of burial	Date	Cases and sex	Age	MMTVels positive	ENV 1	ENV 2	Sequencing
S’Adde’e Asile, Ossi, Sassari, Sardinia	Domus de Janas	2712 ± 59 a.C.	3 2♂, 1♀	16 - 22	0
Noeddale, Ossi, Sassari, Sardinia	Domus de Janas	2560 ± 51 a.C.	5 4♂, 1♀	20 - 29	2 ♂	2 ♂	1 ♂	ENV2 ♂
S’Isterridolzu, Ossi, Sassari, Sardinia	Domus de Janas	2070 ± 35 a.C.	4 1♂, 1♀, 2?	20 - 28	0
La Testa, Santa Teresa, Sassari, Sardinia	Tomb of Giants	1200 ± 132 a.C.	3 3?	25 - 35	0
Monte Carru, Alghero, Sardinia	Roman necropolis	1st-3rd century	5 3♂, 2♀	24 - 34	0
Amphitheatre, Luni, La Spezia, Liguria	early medieval cemetery	6th-8th century	1 1♂	20 - 30	1 ♂	1 ♂	1 ♂	ENV1-C (♂)
Sant’Alessandro, Vecchiano, Pisa, Tuscany	medieval cemetery	12th-13th century	5 1♂, 4♀	32 - 41	0
San Michele, Alghero, Sardinia	late medieval cemetery	14th-15th century	2 1♂, 1♀	32 - 43
San Michele, Alghero, Sardinia	plague mass burial	1582-1583	6 3♂, 2♀, 1?	35 - 44	2 ♂♀	2 ♂♀		ENV1-C ♂ ENV1-T ♀
Guinigi Chapel, Lucca, Tuscany	family tomb	15th-17th century	2 1♂, 1♀?	20 - >50	1 ♀?	1 ♀?
total			36 17♂, 12♀, 7?		6 4♂/1♀/1♀?	6 4♂/1♀/1♀?	2 ♂	4 3♂/1♀

Dental calculus was obtained from the skulls of 36 individuals dated from the Copper Age to the 17^th century, all from Italian regions, namely Sardinia, Tuscany and Liguria. The a.C. cases were found in Domus de Janas and the Tomb of Giants, typical collective tombs from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age. Other Sardinian samples were from a Roman necropolis of the Imperial Roman Age, from a Medieval cemetery, and from a late Renaissance plague mass burial. Other skulls were from an early Medieval cemetery in Liguria, a Medieval cemetery in Tuscany and from the Guinigi’s family tomb of the Modern Age (15^th-17^th century) in Tuscany. Six cases were positive for MMTVels. ENV1 was detected in all of them, two of which were also positive for ENV2. In particular, two cases were from Ossi, Sardinia, two from Alghero, Sardinia, one from Luni, Liguria, and one from Lucca, Tuscany. Four of the six positive cases were sequenced, three for ENV1 and one for ENV2; one of the ENV1 cases showed a C > T polymorphism, that did not cause an amino acid substitution. One of these six cases was found in Ossi (ENV2), one in Luni (ENV1-C), and two in Alghero (ENV1-C, ENV1-T). Two cases were dated back to the Copper Age, both from Ossi, Sardinia. Four of the individuals who were positive for MMTVels were male, one female, and one probably female.