Table 1. Bivariate analysis of the association of socio-demographic factors with pneumonia among children under five in peri-urban areas of Dessie City, north-eastern Ethiopia, January—March 2019.
| Variable | Frequency | Pneumonia | COR (95% CI) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | ||||
| n (%) | n | n | |||
| Age of mother/caregiver (years)* | |||||
| 15–19 | 22 (4.1) | 8 | 14 | 2.41(0.90–6.42) | 0.079 |
| 20–34 | 397 (73.6) | 61 | 336 | 0.77(0.45–1.30) | 0.324 |
| 35–49 | 120 (22.3) | 23 | 97 | Ref | |
| Age of child (months)¥ | |||||
| 0–11 | 152 (28.2) | 24 | 128 | 0.87(0.39–1.90) | 0.726 |
| 12–23 | 142 (26.3) | 24 | 118 | 0.94(0.43–2.07) | 0.884 |
| 24–35 | 99 (18.4) | 12 | 87 | 0.64(0.26–1.55) | 0.324 |
| 36–47 | 84 (15.6) | 21 | 63 | 1.55(0.68–3.50) | 0.297 |
| 48–59 | 62 (11.5) | 11 | 51 | Ref | |
| Sex of child | |||||
| Female | 268 (49.7) | 55 | 213 | 1.63(1.04–2.58) | 0.035 |
| Male | 271 (50.3) | 37 | 234 | Ref | |
| Religion | |||||
| Christian | 42 (7.8) | 14 | 28 | 2.69(1.35–5.33) | 0.005 |
| Muslim | 497 (92.2) | 78 | 419 | Ref | |
| Birth order of child | |||||
| First | 168 (31.2) | 25 | 143 | Ref | |
| Second | 168 (31.2) | 30 | 138 | 1.24(0.70–2.22) | 0.462 |
| Third | 122 (22.6) | 21 | 101 | 1.18(0.63–2.24) | 0.592 0.333 |
| Fourth or above | 81(15.0) | 16 | 65 | 1.41(0.70–2.81) | |
| Mother’s/caregiver’s marital status | |||||
| Unmarried | 46 (8.5) | 15 | 31 | 2.61(1.35–5.07) | 0.004 |
| Married | 493 (91.5) | 77 | 416 | Ref | |
| Mother’s/caregiver’s educational status | |||||
| Cannot read and write | 91(16.9) | 20 | 71 | 0.93(0.35–2.47) | 0.877 |
| Read and write | 39(7.2) | 9 | 30 | 0.97(0.32–3.04) | 0 .980 |
| Primary level | 245(45.5) | 40 | 205 | 0.64(0.26–1.59) | 0.339 |
| Secondary level | 134(24.9) | 16 | 118 | 0.45(0.16–1.20) | 0.111 |
| Diploma or above | 30(5.6) | 7 | 23 | Ref | |
| Mother’s/caregiver’s occupational status | |||||
| Housewife | 346(64.2) | 47 | 299 | Ref | |
| Civil servant | 35(6.5) | 12 | 23 | 3.32(1.55–7.12) | 0.002 |
| Day laborer | 50(9.3) | 14 | 36 | 2.47(1.24–4.93) | 0.010 |
| Merchant | 57(10.6) | 9 | 48 | 1.19(0.55–2.59) | 0.656 |
| Other | 51(9.5) | 10 | 41 | 1.55(0.73–3.31) | 0.255 |
| Father’s educational status | |||||
| Cannot read and write | 74 (15.0) | 13 | 61 | 0.87(0.36–2.08) | 0.754 |
| Read and write | 30 (6.1) | 11 | 19 | 2.36(0.89–6.26) | 0.084 |
| Primary level | 161 (32.7) | 20 | 141 | 0.58(0.26–1.27) | 0.173 |
| Secondary level | 167 (33.9) | 21 | 146 | 0.59(0.27–1.28) | 0.181 |
| Diploma or above | 61 (12.4) | 12 | 49 | Ref | |
| Father’s occupational status | |||||
| Unemployed | 42 (8.5) | 8 | 34 | 1.13(0.43–2.95) | 0.809 |
| Farmer | 179 (36.3) | 18 | 161 | 0.54(0.25–1.14) | 0.104 |
| Day laborer | 116 (23.5) | 24 | 92 | 1.25(0.60–2.59) | 0.552 |
| Merchant | 75 (15.2) | 14 | 62 | 1.01(0.44–2.30) | 0.994 |
| Civil servant | 81 (16.4) | 14 | 67 | Ref | |
| Household size (persons) | |||||
| >5 | 136 (25.2) | 26 | 110 | 1.21(0.73–1.99) | 0.463 |
| ≤5 | 403 (74.8) | 66 | 337 | Ref | |
| Economic wealth index | |||||
| Low | 179 (33.2) | 25 | 154 | 0.49(0.28–0.84) | 0.009 |
| Medium | 180 (33.4) | 22 | 158 | 0.42(0.24–0.73) | 0.002 |
| High | 180 (33.4) | 45 | 135 | Ref | |
Ref, Reference category.
*Mean age of mothers/caregivers was 29.56 ± 5.56 [SD] years.
¥Median age of children aged 0–59 months was 20.0 (15.3 [IQR]) months.