Table 2. Bivariate analysis of the associations of housing and environmental factors with pneumonia among children under five in peri-urban areas of Dessie City, north-eastern Ethiopia, January—March 2019.

Variable	Frequency	Pneumonia		COR (95% CI)	P-value
		Yes	No
	n (%)	n	n
House ownership
Rent	102 (18.9)	37	65	3.95(2.42–6.47)	<0.001
Private ownership	437 (81.1)	55	382	Ref
Type of walls in home
Wood with mud	412 (76.4)	80	332	2.31(1.21–4.39)	0.011
Stone and mud cement/bricks	127 (23.6)	12	115	Ref
Type of floor in home
Earth	354 (65.7)	73	281	2.27(1.32–3.89)	0.003
Cement/ceramic	185 (34.3)	19	166	Ref
Does kitchen have a window
No	316 (66.0)	49	267	2.12(1.11–4.03)	0.022
Yes	163 (34.0)	13	150	Ref
Number of windows per house
≤2 windows	273 (50.6)	71	202	4.10(2.43–6.91)	<0.001
>2 windows	266 (49.4)	21	245	Ref
Separate room used for kitchen
No	60 (11.1)	30	30	6.73(3.79–11.92)	<0.001
Yes	479 (88.9)	62	417	Ref
Place of cooking
Living room	75 (13.9)	38	37	7.79(4.57–13.30)	<0.001
Kitchen	464 (86.1)	54	410	Ref
Type of fuel used for cooking
Domestic fuel (wood, charcoal/kerosene)	383 (71.1)	81	302	3.54(1.83–6.84)	<0.001
Electricity	156 (28.9)	11	145	Ref
Location of the child during cooking
Carried on mother’s/caregiver’s back	289 (53.6)	71	218	3.55(2.11–5.98)	<0.001
Out of the cooking area	250 (46.4)	21	229	Ref
Family cigarette smoking
Yes	74 (13.7)	26	48	3.28(1.90–5.64)	<0.001
No	465 (86.3)	66	399	Ref
Number of persons per room
>2 person per room	112 (20.8)	42	70	4.52(2.79–7.33)	<0.001
≤2 person per room	427 (79.2)	50	377	Ref
Overcrowding status
Overcrowded	231 (42.9)	65	166	4.08(2.50–6.64)	<0.001
Not overcrowded	308 (57.1)	27	281	Ref

Ref, Reference category.